Strain Name: |
STOCK a Tyrp1b Sisi/J |
|---|---|
Stock Number: |
000064 |
Availability: | Repository-Cryopreserved |
General Terms and Conditions |
| Former Name |
STOCK a Tyrp1b Si/J (Changed: 16-JUN-05
) |
|
STOCK a Tyrp1b si (Changed: 15-DEC-04
) | |
| Genes & Alleles | Si; Sisi; Tyrp1; Tyrp1b; a; |
Product Information
Strain Details
Type JAX® GEMM® Strain - Mutant Stock Additional information on JAX® GEMM® Strains. Species laboratory mouse Generation pF4p Appearance
black with varying amounts of silver hairs
Related Genotype: a/a, Tyrp1b/Tyrp1b Sisi/Sisi or a/a Tyrp1b/+, Sisi/SisiStrain Description
Several proteins have been characterized as being critical for melanogenesis, including tyrosinase and its related proteins tyrosinase related protein 1 and 2 (TRP-1 and TRP-2). The silver locus protein (SI) is also crucial to the normal melanogenic pathway and it is believed that the interactions of these, and probably other, proteins are necessary for proper melanin pigment production within melanocytes. Nonagouti mice (a/a) homozygous for the recessive si mutation display a range of coat color variations, including all black and all white. Also, single hairs can be both black and white as the tips contain no pigment while the base retains pigmentation. Black and white banding patterns in individual hairs is also observed. It is noted that similar si/si hair color variation is also seen on the agouti background. Young a/a mice typically have black hairs, with some silver/grey hair present on the head, behind the ears and around the posterior. The hair generally becomes progressively lighter with age, with the males displaying more silvering than the females. The silver mutation causes a graying of hair because the follicular melanocytes become dysfunctional and eventually die. Variations in the silvering of the coat color reflect an overall reduction in the number or total lack of melanocytic pigment granules. The loss of these melanocytes, in fact, co-localizes with hypopigmented hair follicles. Also, reduced viability of si/si melanocytes is observed in vitro where these cultured cells exhibit very slow growth rates and have a reduced life span compared to similarly prepared wild type melanocytes.Functionally, two general activities have been linked to GP87. First, this protein has been reported to be a stabilizing structural matrix glycoprotein in cultured B16 murine melanoma cells as the carboxy-terminus contains an epitope that is recognized by the anti-melanosomal matrix protein antibody alpha-MX. The protein is exclusively restricted to the melanosomal compartment itself as shown by Western blotting of sub-cellular fractions, but is not detected in coated vesicles that shuttle tyrosinase-related proteins to melanosomes. Therefore, the trafficking of the silver protein is distinct. The predicted protein product of GP87 contains a single potential transmembrane domain but based on detergent solubility studies, the protein is likely to be loosely associated with the melanosomal matrix, or contained near the inner aspects of the organelle membrane, or even free in the space between the matrix and membrane. This is in contrast to the subcellular localization of TRP-1 and TRP-2, which are known integral membrane proteins. GP87 is rapidly synthesized and delivered to the melanosomes. Soon after, the protein is processed to lose its C-terminus, as shown through specific reactivity by using a peptide that recognizes this epitope (alpha PEP13). It is not clear what function this post-translational step plays in the normal melanosome but by acting as a structural component, the silver protein could restrict melanogenesis to the appropriate intracellular compartment and 1) protect the cells from toxic melanogenic metabolites such as 5,6-dihydroxyindole and/or 2) stabilize melanin metabolites such as dihydroxyindoles and indolequinones. The silver protein has also been proposed to have an enzymatic role in catalyzing melanin formation through the polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA). Melanin synthesis via the enzymatic conversion of DHICA was found to be mediated by the silver protein through an immunopurification assay conducted on extracts from cultured Cloudman S91 mouse melanoma cells.
Based on primary sequence analysis, the protein product of the si allele is predicted to be mistargeted within melanocytes. Direct evidence for this comes from melan-Si cells (Tyrp1b/+ Sisi/Sisi). These si/si cells express the mutant protein abnormally outside of the melanosome/pre-melanosome in the soluble fraction where the protein appears degraded or in aggregates. The mutant silver protein, therefore, is misrouted within si/si melanosomes. Interestingly, tyrosinase also is not normally localized within the melan-Si cells. Disrupted protein distribution in the silver mutant melanosomes likely results in a lack of the formation of functional melanogenic complexes containing GP87, tyrosinase and TRPs. While it is not clear what leads to si/si melanocyte death, it could be due to cytotoxic events induced by the mutation that causes the release of toxic melanin precursors. The chemical properties of melanins found in Si hair pigment granules were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric assays measuring levels of pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA), aminohydroxyphenylalanine (AHP), spectrophotometric eumelanin (SE), spectrophotometric pheomelanin (SP) and alkali-soluble melanins. The chemical properties of silver hair-derived melanins are similar to brown and light hair melanins but as expected, the total melanin content is much lower compared to black hair melanins (reduced by one-fifth to one-tenth). Chemical characterization of the pigment forms found in silver melanins revealed a partial suppression of eumelanogenesis similar to that seen in the brown hair locus mutants (encoding tyrosinase-related protein 1).
Follicular melanocytes of silver mice are more susceptible to damage resulting from X-irradiation. Since human GP100 is an antigenic marker for a variety of human melanomas that can be recognized by CD8+ T lymphocytes, the silver mutant might serve as a model to experimentally test for potential immunotherapies. (Dunn and Thigpen, 1930; Spanakis et al., 1992; Ozeki et al., 1995; Lamoreux et al., 2001; Kwon et al., 1995; Martinez-Esparza et al., 1999; Zhou et al., 1994; Kobayashi et al., 1994; Solano et al., 2000; Chakraborty et al., 1996; Berson et al., 2001; Martinez-Esparza et al., 2000b; Cormier et al., 1998).
Strain Development
This "silver grey" stock was acquired by Dunn and Thigpen (Dunn and Thigpen 1930) in 1927 from a single pair of mice from the house mouse colony, where the mutation arose, maintained by English fancier William Turton. Silver (Dunn-MacDowell-Gowen) was subsequently maintained in LGW inbred mice at Iowa State University and was bred into the linkage stock carrying Pcdh15av/Pcdh15av, Sisi/Sisi, Tyrp1b/+, ae/ae (RH Schaible, 1957). Pcdh15av is a mutation that arose on the K strain in 1955 and linkage with the silver locus was demonstrated (RH Schaible, 1961); extreme non-agouti, ae, appeared in mice descending from x-ray mutagenized male breeders of the S strain (Hollander and Gowen, 1956). In 1963, this "av" linkage stock was imported from RH Schaible to the Jackson Laboratory where mice were sibling mated for 14 generations. A single outcross to C57BL/10Gn occurred in 1968 and mice were sibling mating thereafter; Pcdh15av has not been detected in this stock since the outcross. In 1979 at about F50, males from this strain (a/a, Tyrp1b/Tyrp1b, Sisi/Sisi) were outcrossed to female B6C3Fe-a/a F1 mice for frozen embryo storage. In 1987, B6C3Fe-a/a X STOCK a Tyrp1b Sisi embryos were thawed and a live stock reconstituted. These mice were sibling mated [F1p] F3 through F5 to generate additional embryo stocks in 1988. Either of these sets of frozen stocks may be used to reconstitute this strain. Embryos are homozygous for both the silver mutation and a, and segregate for the Tyrp1b allele.
Mammalian Phenotype Terms assigned by genotype |
Gene & Allele Details
| Allele Symbol | Sisi | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Allele Name | silver | ||
| Common Name(s) | Pmel 17; gp100; gp87; | ||
| Gene Symbol and Name | Si, silver | ||
| Chromosome | 10 | ||
| Gene Common Name(s) | D10H12S53E; D12S53E; D12S53Eh; DNA segment, Chr 10, human D12S53E; ME20; PMEL; PMEL17; SIL; gp100; gp87; | ||
| General Note | This mutation arose in an unspecified English fancy stock. | ||
| Molecular Note | Sequencing of partial gp87 cDNA from homozygous mutant melanocytes showed this mutation comprises a G to A substitution at base 1808, resulting in a premature stop codon and truncation of the protein in the C-terminal cystolic domain. [MGI Ref ID J:22779] [MGI Ref ID J:58687] | ||
| Allele Symbol | Tyrp1b | ||
| Allele Name | brown | ||
| Strain of Origin | C57BL | ||
| Gene Symbol and Name | Tyrp1, tyrosinase-related protein 1 | ||
| Chromosome | 4 | ||
| Gene Common Name(s) | B; CAS2; CATB; GP75; TRP; TRP-1; TRP1; TYRP; Tyrp; b; b-PROTEIN; brown; iris stromal atrophy; isa; tyrosinase-related protein; | ||
| General Note | Tyrp1b, brown, recessive. This type mutant of the brown locus is an old mutation of the mouse fancy. The eumelanin of the hair and eyes is brown rather than black. The pigment granules also appear brown rather than black and are spheroid rather than ovoid in shape (J:12970). The fine structure of the developing pigment granules is fibrillar, like that of wild type mice, but the appearance of the mature granule may be more coarsely granular (J:5346, J:5001, J:5068). The granules incorporate twice as much 14C-tyrosine as normal (J:12173). | ||
| Molecular Note | A G-to-A transition point mutation at position 329 was shown by revertant analysis to be responsible for the mutant phenotype seen in the brown mutant. This mutation is predicted to change a cysteine residue to a tyrosine in the encoded protein. Three other point mutations in the brown sequence were identified, but do not contribute to the mutant phenotype. [MGI Ref ID J:44435] | ||
| Allele Symbol | a | ||
| Allele Name | nonagouti | ||
| Strain of Origin | old mutant of the mouse fancy | ||
| Molecular Note | Characterization of this allele shows an insertion of DNA comprised of a 5.5kb virus-like element, VL30, into the first intron of the agouti gene. The VL30 element itself contains an additional 5.5 kb sequence, flanked by 526 bp of direct repeats. The host intergration site is the same as for at-2Gso and Aw-38J and includes a duplication of four nucleotides of host DNA and a deletion of 2 bp from the end of each repeat. Northern analysis of mRNA from skin of homozygotes shows a smaller agouti message and levels 8 fold lower than found in wild-type. [MGI Ref ID J:16984] [MGI Ref ID J:24934] | ||
Related Strains
Strains carrying Tyrp1b allele
000004 ABP/LeJ 000571 B6.Cg-Whrnwi Tyrp1b/+ +/J 000027 B6.D-Tyrp1b m/J 000265 MY/HuLeJ 001045 SI/Col Tyrp1b Dnahc11iv/J 002238 STOCK a Tyrp1b shmy/J 001432 STOCK a/a Tyrp1b sks/Tyrp1b +/J 000594 STOCK T(2;8)26H a/T(2;8)26H a Tyrp1+/Tyrp1b/J 001101 STOCK T(3;4)5Rk Tyrp1b/J 000274 TSJ/LeJ View Strains carrying Tyrp1b (10 strains)
000068 C57BL/6J-Tyrp1b-J/J 000093 C57BL/6J-Tyrp1b-cJ/J 000671 DBA/2J 003588 LT/SvEi 006252 LT/SvEiJ 002142 STOCK 11R30m/J 000594 STOCK T(2;8)26H a/T(2;8)26H a Tyrp1+/Tyrp1b/J
Research Applications
This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:Sisi related
Tyrp1b relatedDermatology Research
Color and White Spotting Defects
Color and White Spotting Defects
Mouse/Human Gene Homologs
oculocutaneous albinism type III
References
Additional ReferencesPrice and Supply Information
| Strain Name: | STOCK a Tyrp1b Sisi/J |
| Stock Number: | 000064 |
Price Details
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Supply Details
| Standard Supply | Repository-Cryopreserved. Must Be Recovered. Please refer to the Supply Notes for further information. |
|---|---|
| Supply Notes |
Cryorecovery of Strains Needing Progeny Testing. The recovery process begins when a signed agreement form is returned to the Customer Service Department after order placement. Although results vary by strain, at least two untested males and two untested females (two pairs) will be recovered, typically within 15 weeks of our receipt of the signed agreement form. If the first recovery attempt is unsuccessful or only one pair is recovered, a second recovery will be done, extending the overall recovery time to approximately 25 weeks. However, all pups recovered will be sent. Progeny testing is required to identify the genotype of mice of this strain, as a genotyping assay is not available. This type of testing involves breeding the recovered animals and assessing the phenotype of the offspring in order to identify animals carrying the mutation of interest. We can perform the progeny testing for you as a service or we can ship all recovered animals (at least two untested pairs) to you for progeny testing at your facility. If you perform the progeny testing, there is NO guarantee that a carrier will be identified. If we perform progeny testing as a service, additional breeding time will be required. In this case, when a male and female (one pair) are identified that carry the mutation, they and their offspring will be shipped. Delivery time for strains requiring progeny testing often exceeds 25 weeks and may take 12 months or more due to the difficulties in breeding some strains. The progeny testing cost is in addition to the recovery cost and is based on the number of boxes used and the time taken to produce the mice identified as carrying the mutation. Please note that identified pairs may not reflect the mating scheme utilized by The Jackson Laboratory prior to cryopreservation of the strain. Mating schemes are sometimes modified for successful cryopreservation. Please contact Customer Service for more information on the cost of progeny testing for a strain: Tel: 1-800-422-6423 or 1-207-288-5845. Cryorecovery to establish a Dedicated Supply for greater quantities of mice |
| Licensing | See General Terms and Conditions below |
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