| |||||||||||||||
Former Names B6C3Fe-a/a-Edaraddcr (Changed: 15-DEC-04 ) Type Mutant Stock; Additional information on Genetically Engineered and Mutant Mice. Visit our online Nomenclature tutorial. Mating System Outcross-Intercross (Female x Male) 01-MAR-06 TJL Breeding Summary: homozyogote x B6C3Fe a/a F1 then obligate heterozygote x heterozygote Species laboratory mouse Generation N34p
Generation DefinitionsAppearance
black
Related Genotype: a/a Edaraddcr/+ or a/a +/?
black, aberrent coat and teeth
Related Genotype: a/a Edaraddcr/Edaraddcr
| Control | ||
|---|---|---|
| +/? from the colony | ||
| Considerations for Choosing Controls | ||
Strains carrying a allele
View Strains carrying a (102 strains)
Strains carrying other alleles of Edaradd
004184 STOCK Tg(Wap-HRAS)69Lln Chr YSJL-Edaraddcr-3J/J View Strains carrying other alleles of Edaradd (1 strain)
Strains carrying other alleles of a
View Strains carrying other alleles of a (82 strains)
View Related Disease (OMIM) Terms
Related Disease (OMIM) Terms provided by MGI
- Potential model based on gene homology relationships. Phenotypic similarity to the human disease has not been tested. Ectodermal Dysplasia 11a, Hypohidrotic/Hair/Tooth Type, Autosomal Dominant; ECTD11A (EDARADD)
Ectodermal Dysplasia 11b, Hypohidrotic/Hair/Tooth Type, Autosomal Recessive; ECTD11B (EDARADD)
Skin/Hair/Eye Pigmentation, Variation In, 9; SHEP9 (ASIP)
View Mammalian Phenotype Terms
Mammalian Phenotype Terms provided by MGI
assigned by genotype
Edaraddcr/Edaraddcr
B6C3Fe a/a-Edaraddcr/J
- behavior/neurological phenotype
- abnormal locomotor coordination
- mutants twirl in the air when picked up by their tails; variable penetrance (MGI Ref ID J:5870)
- homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
- *normal* homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
- no aberrant bleeding time after tail vein nick (MGI Ref ID J:29151)
- nervous system phenotype
- abnormal brain morphology
- abnormal cerebellum morphology
- abnormalities of the cerebellum include abnormal shape and cavitation (MGI Ref ID J:5870)
- abnormal cerebellar layer morphology
- all layers of the cerebellar cortex are disorganized (MGI Ref ID J:5870)
- Purkinje cell degeneration
- two mutants show pyknosis and loss of some Purkinje cells (MGI Ref ID J:5870)
- abnormal cerebellum fissure morphology
- many mutants exhibit an abnormal lateral fissure parallel to the median cerebral fissure (MGI Ref ID J:5870)
- small cerebellum (MGI Ref ID J:5870)
- demyelination
- reproductive system phenotype
- reduced fertility (MGI Ref ID J:5870)
- respiratory system phenotype
- abnormal respiratory mucosa morphology
- at P7 and P14, mice lack submucosal glands (MGI Ref ID J:119848)
The following phenotype information may relate to a genetic background differing from this JAX® Mice strain.
Edaraddcr/Edaraddcr
involves: C57BL/6 * C3H
- mortality/aging
- postnatal lethality
- 40% die before 10 days of age (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- only approximately 22-24% of homozygotes survived to wean age (MGI Ref ID J:5568)
- supplementation of the mothers copper intake during pregnancy and lactation can improve viability so that 50% of homozygotes survive to wean age (MGI Ref ID J:5568)
- while only 22 to 24% of homozygotes survive to 30 days of age, supplementing the dam's diet with high levels of copper increased survival at 30 days of age to 50% (MGI Ref ID J:5680)
- premature death
- mortality increases slightly up to the time of weaning and is very high the week after weaning (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- growth/size phenotype
- decreased body weight
- already at birth, mutants are 5% lighter than controls; 20-30% lighter at 3 weeks (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- postnatal growth retardation
- slower growth (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- craniofacial phenotype
- abnormal outer ear morphology
- at about 10-15 days of age, the ears are folded in a peculiar way and the pinnae appear to be drawn up toward the mid-dorsal line (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- abnormal tooth morphology (MGI Ref ID J:12999)
- abnormal enamel morphology
- incisors are more widely covered with enamel, even if normal sized (MGI Ref ID J:12999)
- abnormal incisor morphology
- incisors may be smaller and sometimes an incisor is lost (MGI Ref ID J:12999)
- abnormal molar crown morphology
- cusps of all molars are reduced but the pattern is different from that seen in homozygous Lrp6Cd mutants (MGI Ref ID J:12999)
- decreased molar number
- third molars are sometimes absent (MGI Ref ID J:12999)
- small molars
- reduction of molars tends to be more extreme in the first than in the second and third molars (MGI Ref ID J:12999)
- limbs/digits/tail phenotype
- kinked tail (MGI Ref ID J:64273)
- pigmentation phenotype
- abnormal coat/hair pigmentation (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- abnormal skin pigmentation
- delay in skin pigmentation due to delayed hair formation (by about 2 days) (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- respiratory system phenotype
- abnormal respiration
- vision/eye phenotype
- abnormal cornea morphology (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- develop corneal ulceration in late life (MGI Ref ID J:64273)
- corneal opacity
- later in life, the cornea becomes opaque (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- abnormal eyelid morphology
- eyelids are abnormal leading to corneal ulceration in late life (MGI Ref ID J:64273)
- hearing/vestibular/ear phenotype
- abnormal outer ear morphology
- at about 10-15 days of age, the ears are folded in a peculiar way and the pinnae appear to be drawn up toward the mid-dorsal line (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- behavior/neurological phenotype
- abnormal maternal nurturing
- mothering ability is somewhat reduced (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- reproductive system phenotype
- decreased litter size
- litter size is slightly smaller (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- reduced female fertility (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
- absent meibomian glands (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- hematopoietic system phenotype
- anemia
- anemia with low hemoglobin levels, low red blood cell number, and low packed cell volume is found at 21 days of age (MGI Ref ID J:5680)
- nervous system phenotype
- abnormal myelination
- at 60 days of age homozygotes have less myelination (MGI Ref ID J:5680)
- demyelination
- demyelination is found in 4 of 5 homozygotes over 1 year of age, and at 17 months of age there is focal degeneration in cerebellar white matter (MGI Ref ID J:5680)
- integument phenotype
- abnormal coat/ hair morphology
- absence of 2 or 3 of the 5 sensory hairs on each side of the face; lack the hair situated behind the eye, one of the two near the angle of the jaw, and one of the two above the eye (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- scanning electron micrographs show that hairs from adults have alternate narrowing and thickening (monilethrix), twisting along the axis (pili torti), or rough nodular shafts with frayed ends (trichorrhexis nodosa) (MGI Ref ID J:5568)
- mutants contain only one type of hair resembling an abnormal awl; the number of rows of air-cells is not constant throughout the length of each hair and the diameter of the hair varies, regions with two rows of cells alternate with narrower regions having only one row and with broader regions having three rows (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- abnormal coat/hair pigmentation (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- abnormal hair growth (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- delayed hair appearance
- focal hair loss (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- no hair on tail or behind ears (MGI Ref ID J:12999)
- loss of eyelid cilia
- reduced number of eyelashes, with both the longest and shortest lashes absent (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- short hair
- hairs on the pinna are shorter and thinner (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- sparse hair (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- hair density is reduced (MGI Ref ID J:64273)
- abnormal hair texture
- coat is thin and has an abnormal texture which makes it look ungroomed (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- absent guard hair (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- lack guard hairs in the adult coat (MGI Ref ID J:12999)
- absent zigzag hairs (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- lack zigzag hairs in the adult coat (MGI Ref ID J:12999)
- abnormal hair follicle development
- formation of new hair follicles is suppressed between E12.5 and E17, and again from the time of birth onwards (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- the growth rate of those follicles that do form is slowed (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- first period of follicle suppression accounts for the absence of guard hairs and the second period for the absence of zigzags (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- sensory hair follicles are sometimes poorly developed; the first stage of the development of the post-orbital sinus follicle is normal, however after E12.5, further development is inhibited and the follicle regresses (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- the diminished number of hair follicles in homozygous 6 day old pups is increased toward normal numbers by feeding the mother a high copper diet (MGI Ref ID J:5680)
- underdeveloped hair follicles
- at 6 days of age the number of hair follicles is greatly reduced and there are few hairs emerging from the skin surface, but providing the mother with supplemental dietary copper during pregnancy and lactation can increase the number of hair follicles (MGI Ref ID J:5568)
- abnormal skin morphology (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- no tail rings (MGI Ref ID J:64273)
- abnormal epidermal layer morphology
- at 6 days of age the skin has a smooth surface, but providing supplemental dietary copper to the mother during pregnancy and lactation can result in a rough epipermal surface in 6 day old pups (MGI Ref ID J:5568)
- abnormal skin pigmentation
- delay in skin pigmentation due to delayed hair formation (by about 2 days) (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- pallor
- the pallid and smooth skin of homozygotes can be darkened and made more normal in texture by feeding the mother a high copper diet (MGI Ref ID J:5680)
- thin dermal layer (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- thin skin
- absent meibomian glands (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
- decreased hair follicle number
- the supra-orbital tubercle contains only one follicle instead of two as in wild-type at E13.5 (MGI Ref ID J:13040)
Edaraddcr/Edaraddcr
involves: C57BL/6J
- integument phenotype
- abnormal hair growth
- tail grafts from embryonic day 15 tails shows that the site of action of crinkled is in the epidermis not the dermis (MGI Ref ID J:5774)
View Research Applications
Research Applications
This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:Edaraddcr related
Apoptosis Research
Death Receptors
Dermatology Research
Skin and Hair Texture Defects
Mouse/Human Gene Homologs
hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
| Allele Symbol | Edaraddcr | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Allele Name | crinkled | ||
| Allele Type | Chemically induced (other) | ||
| Common Name(s) | cr; | ||
| Gene Symbol and Name | Edaradd, EDAR (ectodysplasin-A receptor)-associated death domain | ||
| Chromosome | 13 | ||
| Gene Common Name(s) | 1810032E07Rik; 5830469M23Rik; ECTD11A; ECTD11B; ED3; EDA3; RGD1564010; RIKEN cDNA 1810032E07 gene; RIKEN cDNA 5830469M23 gene; cr; crinkled; | ||
| General Note | Appeared in the progeny of a male treated with nitrogen mustard. Homozygotes have coats that are thinner than normal and contain only one type of hair resembling an abnormal awl, rather than the four types of hair of the normal coat. There is a bald patch behind the ears, bald tail, kinks at the tail tip, absence of Meibomian glands, a respiratory disorder, modification of the agouti pattern (J:13040), abnormal molars and incisors (J:12999, J:5018, J:5139), and probably abnormalities of many exocrine glands (J:5193). Viability and breeding performance are somewhat reduced (J:13040). Myelin abnormalities have been described in the brains of old crinkled mice (J:5870). Hair follicle initiation is restricted to the period between 17 days of gestation and birth, rather than extending from 14 days of gestation to several days after birth as in normal mice (J:13040). Heterozygotes have normal coats, but many have slight abnormalities of the upper molars (J:5018). The site of gene action inskin of cr/cr mice has been shown, by means of dermal-epidermal recombination grafts of embryonic skin, to be in the epidermis (J:5774). The level of copper in liver is low in young cr/cr mice and the level of activity in liver of the copper-containing enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) is also low in both young and adult mice (J:6230). Copper supplementation of the diet of mothers during pregnancy and lactation increases survival of homozygotes, improves coat development, and raises SOD activityand liver copper concentration to normal (J:5568, J:6230). | ||
| Molecular Note | PCR analysis of genomic DNA showed that the entire coding region of the gene is deleted. Northern analysis failed to detect transcript in skin RNA from homozygous mutant animals at E18.5. [MGI Ref ID J:73357] [MGI Ref ID J:75381] | ||
| Allele Symbol | a | ||
| Allele Name | nonagouti | ||
| Allele Type | Spontaneous | ||
| Strain of Origin | old mutant of the mouse fancy | ||
| Gene Symbol and Name | a, nonagouti | ||
| Chromosome | 2 | ||
| Gene Common Name(s) | AGSW; AGTI; AGTIL; ASP; As; SHEP9; agouti; agouti signal protein; agouti suppressor; | ||
| Molecular Note | Characterization of this allele shows an insertion of DNA comprised of a 5.5kb virus-like element, VL30, into the first intron of the agouti gene. The VL30 element itself contains an additional 5.5 kb sequence, flanked by 526 bp of direct repeats. The host integration site is the same as for at-2Gso and Aw-38J and includes a duplication of four nucleotides of host DNA and a deletion of 2 bp from the end of each repeat. Northern analysis of mRNA from skin of homozygotes shows a smaller agouti message and levels 8 fold lower than found in wild-type. [MGI Ref ID J:16984] [MGI Ref ID J:24934] | ||
Headon DJ; Emmal SA; Ferguson BM; Tucker AS; Justice MJ; Sharpe PT; Zonana J; Overbeek PA. 2001. Gene defect in ectodermal dysplasia implicates a death domain adapter in development. Nature 414(6866):913-6. [PubMed: 11780064] [MGI Ref ID J:73357]
Edaraddcr relateda relatedFalconer DS. 1949. cr - crinkled Mouse News Lett 1S:4. [MGI Ref ID J:64273]
Falconer DS; Fraser AS; King JWB. 1951. The genetics and development of "crinkled", a new mutant in the house mouse. J Genet 50:324-344. [MGI Ref ID J:13040]
Gruneberg H. 1965. Genes and genotypes affecting the teeth of the mouse. J Embryol Exp Morphol 14(2):137-59. [PubMed: 5893447] [MGI Ref ID J:12999]
Gruneberg H. 1971. The glandular aspects of the tabby syndrome in the mouse. J Embryol Exp Morphol 25(1):1-19. [PubMed: 5548211] [MGI Ref ID J:5193]
Gruneberg H. 1966. The molars of the tabby mouse, and a test of the 'single-active X-chromosome' hypothesis. J Embryol Exp Morphol 15(2):223-44. [PubMed: 5959976] [MGI Ref ID J:5018]
Headon DJ; Emmal SA; Ferguson BM; Tucker AS; Justice MJ; Sharpe PT; Zonana J; Overbeek PA. 2001. Gene defect in ectodermal dysplasia implicates a death domain adapter in development. Nature 414(6866):913-6. [PubMed: 11780064] [MGI Ref ID J:73357]
Heath J; Langton AK; Hammond NL; Overbeek PA; Dixon MJ; Headon DJ. 2009. Hair follicles are required for optimal growth during lateral skin expansion. J Invest Dermatol 129(10):2358-64. [PubMed: 19387480] [MGI Ref ID J:157057]
Hurley LS. 1976. Interaction of genes and metals in development. Fed Proc 35(11):2271-5. [PubMed: 133823] [MGI Ref ID J:5680]
Hurley LS; Bell LT. 1975. Amelioration by copper supplementation of mutant gene effects in the crinkled mouse. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 149(4):830-4. [PubMed: 1166079] [MGI Ref ID J:5568]
Keen CL; Hurley LS. 1979. Superoxide dismutase activity in the crinkled mutant mouse: ameliorative effects of dietary copper supplementation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 162(1):152-6. [PubMed: 504225] [MGI Ref ID J:6230]
Langton AK; Herrick SE; Headon DJ. 2008. An extended epidermal response heals cutaneous wounds in the absence of a hair follicle stem cell contribution. J Invest Dermatol 128(5):1311-8. [PubMed: 18037901] [MGI Ref ID J:135502]
Mayer TC; Miller CK; Green MC. 1977. Site of action of the crinkled (cr) locus in the mouse. Dev Biol 55(2):397-401. [PubMed: 320066] [MGI Ref ID J:5774]
Mou C; Jackson B; Schneider P; Overbeek PA; Headon DJ. 2006. Generation of the primary hair follicle pattern. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(24):9075-80. [PubMed: 16769906] [MGI Ref ID J:111052]
Ohazama A; Courtney JM; Tucker AS; Naito A; Tanaka S; Inoue J; Sharpe PT. 2004. Traf6 is essential for murine tooth cusp morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 229(1):131-5. [PubMed: 14699584] [MGI Ref ID J:87318]
Rao MS; Jaszczak E; Landis SC. 1994. Innervation of footpads of normal and mutant mice lacking sweat glands. J Comp Neurol 346(4):613-25. [PubMed: 7983247] [MGI Ref ID J:19910]
Rawlins EL; Hogan BL. 2005. Intercellular growth factor signaling and the development of mouse tracheal submucosal glands. Dev Dyn 233(4):1378-85. [PubMed: 15973734] [MGI Ref ID J:119848]
Sofaer JA. 1979. Additive effects of the genes tabby and crinkled on tooth size in the mouse. Genet Res 33(2):169-74. [PubMed: 478295] [MGI Ref ID J:151073]
Sofaer JA. 1969. Aspects of the tabby-crinkled-downless syndrome. I. The development of tabby teeth. J Embryol Exp Morphol 22(2):181-205. [PubMed: 5361554] [MGI Ref ID J:5138]
Sofaer JA. 1969. Aspects of the tabby-crinkled-downless syndrome. II. Observations on the reaction to changes of genetic background. J Embryol Exp Morphol 22(2):207-27. [PubMed: 5361555] [MGI Ref ID J:5139]
Sundberg JP (ed.). 1994. Handbook of Mouse Mutations with Skin and Hair Abnormalities: Animal Models and Biomedical Tools. In: Handbook of Mouse Mutations with Skin and Hair Abnormalities: Animal Models and Biomedical Tools. CRC Press, Boca Raton. [MGI Ref ID J:30359]
Swank RT; Reddington M; Howlett O; Novak EK. 1991. Platelet storage pool deficiency associated with inherited abnormalities of the inner ear in the mouse pigment mutants muted and mocha. Blood 78(8):2036-44. [PubMed: 1912584] [MGI Ref ID J:29151]
Theriault LL; Dungan DD; Simons S; Keen CL; Hurley LS. 1977. Lipid and myelin abnormalities of brain in the crinkled mouse. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 155(4):549-53. [PubMed: 896803] [MGI Ref ID J:5870]
Wells KL; Mou C; Headon DJ; Tucker AS. 2011. Defects and rescue of the minor salivary glands in Eda pathway mutants. Dev Biol 349(2):137-46. [PubMed: 20969842] [MGI Ref ID J:168036]
Wells KL; Mou C; Headon DJ; Tucker AS. 2010. Recombinant EDA or Sonic Hedgehog rescue the branching defect in Ectodysplasin A pathway mutant salivary glands in vitro. Dev Dyn :. [PubMed: 20803597] [MGI Ref ID J:164212]
Yan M; Zhang Z; Brady JR; Schilbach S; Fairbrother WJ; Dixit VM. 2002. Identification of a Novel Death Domain-Containing Adaptor Molecule for Ectodysplasin-A Receptor that Is Mutated in crinkled Mice. Curr Biol 12(5):409-13. [PubMed: 11882293] [MGI Ref ID J:75381]
Baba K; Sakakibara S; Setsu T; Terashima T. 2007. The superficial layers of the superior colliculus are cytoarchitectually and myeloarchitectually disorganized in the reelin-deficient mouse, reeler. Brain Res 1140:205-15. [PubMed: 17173877] [MGI Ref ID J:120267]
Batchelor AL; Phillips RJ; Searle AG. 1966. A comparison of the mutagenic effectiveness of chronic neutron- and gamma-irradiation of mouse spermatogonia. Mutat Res 3(3):218-29. [PubMed: 5962396] [MGI Ref ID J:5021]
Bjorbaek C; Elmquist JK; Frantz JD; Shoelson SE; Flier JS. 1998. Identification of SOCS-3 as a potential mediator of central leptin resistance. Mol Cell 1(4):619-25. [PubMed: 9660946] [MGI Ref ID J:119803]
Bultman SJ; Klebig ML; Michaud EJ; Sweet HO; Davisson MT; Woychik RP. 1994. Molecular analysis of reverse mutations from nonagouti (a) to black-and-tan (a(t)) and white-bellied agouti (Aw) reveals alternative forms of agouti transcripts. Genes Dev 8(4):481-90. [PubMed: 8125260] [MGI Ref ID J:16984]
Bultman SJ; Michaud EJ; Woychik RP. 1992. Molecular characterization of the mouse agouti locus. Cell 71(7):1195-204. [PubMed: 1473152] [MGI Ref ID J:3523]
Bultman SJ; Russell LB; Gutierrez-Espeleta GA; Woychik RP. 1991. Molecular characterization of a region of DNA associated with mutations at the agouti locus in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88(18):8062-6. [PubMed: 1896452] [MGI Ref ID J:16567]
Bundschuh VG; Madry M. 1988. [atwp mutation in an albino mouse substrain (AB/Hum-1)] Z Versuchstierkd 31(6):249-54. [PubMed: 3227730] [MGI Ref ID J:16568]
Butler AE; Janson J; Soeller WC; Butler PC. 2003. Increased beta-cell apoptosis prevents adaptive increase in beta-cell mass in mouse model of type 2 diabetes: evidence for role of islet amyloid formation rather than direct action of amyloid. Diabetes 52(9):2304-14. [PubMed: 12941770] [MGI Ref ID J:132530]
Cattanach BM. 1961. A chemically-induced variegated-type position effect in the mouse. Z Vererbungsl 92:165-82. [PubMed: 13877379] [MGI Ref ID J:160128]
Cropley JE; Suter CM; Beckman KB; Martin DI. 2006. Germ-line epigenetic modification of the murine A vy allele by nutritional supplementation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(46):17308-12. [PubMed: 17101998] [MGI Ref ID J:117156]
De Souza J; Butler AA; Cone RD. 2000. Disproportionate inhibition of feeding in A(y) mice by certain stressors: a cautionary note. Neuroendocrinology 72(2):126-32. [PubMed: 10971147] [MGI Ref ID J:102986]
Dickie MM. 1969. Mutations at the agouti locus in the mouse. J Hered 60(1):20-5. [PubMed: 5798139] [MGI Ref ID J:30922]
Duchesnes CE; Naggert JK; Tatnell MA; Beckman N; Marnane RN; Rodrigues JA; Halim A; Pontre B; Stewart AW; Wolff GL; Elliott R; Mountjoy KG. 2009. New Zealand Ginger Mouse: Novel model that associates the tyrp1b pigmentation gene locus with regulation of lean body mass. Physiol Genomics 37(3):164-74. [PubMed: 19293329] [MGI Ref ID J:146052]
Dunn LC. 1928. A Fifth Allelomorph in the Agouti Series of the House Mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 14(10):816-9. [PubMed: 16587414] [MGI Ref ID J:15011]
Dunn LC. 1945. A New Eye Color Mutant in the Mouse with Asymmetrical Expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 31(11):343-6. [PubMed: 16578176] [MGI Ref ID J:13122]
Dunn LC; Macdowell EC; Lebedeff GA. 1937. Studies on Spotting Patterns III. Interaction between Genes Affecting White Spotting and Those Affecting Color in the House Mouse. Genetics 22(2):307-18. [PubMed: 17246842] [MGI Ref ID J:12954]
Enshell-Seijffers D; Lindon C; Morgan BA. 2008. The serine protease Corin is a novel modifier of the Agouti pathway. Development 135(2):217-25. [PubMed: 18057101] [MGI Ref ID J:130426]
Feuerer M; Herrero L; Cipolletta D; Naaz A; Wong J; Nayer A; Lee J; Goldfine AB; Benoist C; Shoelson S; Mathis D. 2009. Lean, but not obese, fat is enriched for a unique population of regulatory T cells that affect metabolic parameters. Nat Med 15(8):930-9. [PubMed: 19633656] [MGI Ref ID J:152186]
Fujimoto W; Shiuchi T; Miki T; Minokoshi Y; Takahashi Y; Takeuchi A; Kimura K; Saito M; Iwanaga T; Seino S. 2007. Dmbx1 is essential in agouti-related protein action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(39):15514-9. [PubMed: 17873059] [MGI Ref ID J:125193]
Gajewska M; Krysiak E; Wirth-Dziecialowska E. 2010. New coat color mutation mapped in distal part MMU10 MGI Direct Data Submission :. [MGI Ref ID J:162146]
Galbraith DB; Arceci RJ. 1974. Melanocyte populations of yellow and black hair bulbs in the mouse. J Hered 65(6):381-2. [PubMed: 4448905] [MGI Ref ID J:5512]
Galbraith DB; Patrignani AM. 1976. Sulfhydryl compounds in melanocytes of yellow (Ay/a), nonagouti (a/a), and agouti (A/A) mice. Genetics 84(3):587-91. [PubMed: 1001879] [MGI Ref ID J:5737]
Galbraith DB; Wolff GL; Brewer NL. 1980. Hair pigment patterns in different integumental environments of the mouse. Influence of the agouti suppressor (A<s>) mutation on expression of agouti locus alleles. J Hered 71:229-234. [MGI Ref ID J:12033]
Galbraith DB; Wolff GL; Brewer NL. 1979. Tissue microenvironment and the genetic control of hair pigment patterns in mice Dev Genet 1(2):167-179. [MGI Ref ID J:156092]
Geschwind II; Huseby RA; Nishioka R. 1972. The effect of melanocyte-stimulating hormone on coat color in the mouse. Recent Prog Horm Res 28:91-130. [PubMed: 4631622] [MGI Ref ID J:5324]
Granholm DE; Reese RN; Granholm NH. 1996. Agouti alleles alter cysteine and glutathione concentrations in hair follicles and serum of mice (A y/a, A wJ/A wJ, and a/a). J Invest Dermatol 106(3):559-63. [PubMed: 8648194] [MGI Ref ID J:32132]
Gruneberg H. 1952. . In: The Genetics of the Mouse. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague. [MGI Ref ID J:30758]
Heaney JD; Michelson MV; Youngren KK; Lam MY; Nadeau JH. 2009. Deletion of eIF2beta suppresses testicular cancer incidence and causes recessive lethality in agouti-yellow mice. Hum Mol Genet 18(8):1395-404. [PubMed: 19168544] [MGI Ref ID J:146879]
Hearing VJ; Phillips P; Lutzner MA. 1973. The fine structure of melanogenesis in coat color mutants of the mouse. J Ultrastruct Res 43(1):88-106. [PubMed: 4634048] [MGI Ref ID J:5346]
Hustad CM; Perry WL; Siracusa LD; Rasberry C; Cobb L; Cattanach BM; Kovatch R; Copeland NG; Jenkins NA. 1995. Molecular genetic characterization of six recessive viable alleles of the mouse agouti locus. Genetics 140(1):255-65. [PubMed: 7635290] [MGI Ref ID J:24934]
Iwatsuka H; Shino A; Suzuoki Z. 1970. General survey of diabetic features of yellow KK mice. Endocrinol Jpn 17(1):23-35. [PubMed: 5468422] [MGI Ref ID J:26460]
Jackson IJ; Budd PS; Keighren M; McKie L. 2007. Humanized MC1R transgenic mice reveal human specific receptor function. Hum Mol Genet 16(19):2341-8. [PubMed: 17652101] [MGI Ref ID J:129904]
Kaelin CB; Xu X; Hong LZ; David VA; McGowan KA; Schmidt-Kuntzel A; Roelke ME; Pino J; Pontius J; Cooper GM; Manuel H; Swanson WF; Marker L; Harper CK; van Dyk A; Yue B; Mullikin JC; Warren WC; Eizirik E; Kos L; O'Brien SJ; Barsh GS; Menotti-Raymond M. 2012. Specifying and sustaining pigmentation patterns in domestic and wild cats. Science 337(6101):1536-41. [PubMed: 22997338] [MGI Ref ID J:188277]
Kaminen-Ahola N; Ahola A; Maga M; Mallitt KA; Fahey P; Cox TC; Whitelaw E; Chong S. 2010. Maternal ethanol consumption alters the epigenotype and the phenotype of offspring in a mouse model. PLoS Genet 6(1):e1000811. [PubMed: 20084100] [MGI Ref ID J:156866]
Kappenman KE; Dvoracek MA; Harvison GA; Fuller BB; Granholm NH. 1992. Tyrosinase abundance and activity in murine hairbulb melanocytes of agouti mutants (C57BL/6J-a/a, Ay/a, and AwJ/AwJ). Pigment Cell Res Suppl 2:79-83. [PubMed: 1409442] [MGI Ref ID J:1295]
Knisely AS; Gasser DL; Silvers WK. 1975. Expression in organ culture of agouti locus genes of the mouse. Genetics 79(3):471-5. [PubMed: 1126628] [MGI Ref ID J:5533]
Lamoreux ML; Wakamatsu K; Ito S. 2001. Interaction of major coat color gene functions in mice as studied by chemical analysis of eumelanin and pheomelanin. Pigment Cell Res 14(1):23-31. [PubMed: 11277491] [MGI Ref ID J:103803]
Lane PW. 1989. Mottled agouti-J (am-J) Mouse News Lett 84:89. [MGI Ref ID J:16570]
Leamy LJ; Hrubant HE. 1971. Effects of alleles at the agouti locus on odontometric traits in the C57BL-6 strain of house mice. Genetics 67(1):87-96. [PubMed: 5556294] [MGI Ref ID J:16571]
Loosli R. 1963. Tanoid--a new agouti mutant in the mouse. J Hered 54:26-29. [MGI Ref ID J:13082]
Markert CL; Silvers WK. 1956. The Effects of Genotype and Cell Environment on Melanoblast Differentiation in the House Mouse. Genetics 41(3):429-50. [PubMed: 17247639] [MGI Ref ID J:12970]
Martin NM; Houston PA; Patterson M; Sajedi A; Carmignac DF; Ghatei MA; Bloom SR; Small CJ. 2006. Abnormalities of the somatotrophic axis in the obese agouti mouse. Int J Obes (Lond) 30(3):430-8. [PubMed: 16172617] [MGI Ref ID J:151302]
Martinez HG; Quinones MP; Jimenez F; Estrada CA; Clark K; Muscogiuri G; Sorice G; Musi N; Reddick RL; Ahuja SS. 2011. Critical role of chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) in the KKAy + Apoe -/- mouse model of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 54(10):2660-8. [PubMed: 21779871] [MGI Ref ID J:177084]
Mayer TC; Fishbane JL. 1972. Mesoderm-ectoderm interaction in the production of the agouti pigmentation pattern in mice. Genetics 71(2):297-303. [PubMed: 4558326] [MGI Ref ID J:5288]
Miller MW; Duhl DM; Vrieling H; Cordes SP; Ollmann MM; Winkes BM; Barsh GS. 1993. Cloning of the mouse agouti gene predicts a secreted protein ubiquitously expressed in mice carrying the lethal yellow mutation. Genes Dev 7(3):454-67. [PubMed: 8449404] [MGI Ref ID J:4186]
Miyazaki M; Sampath H; Liu X; Flowers MT; Chu K; Dobrzyn A; Ntambi JM. 2009. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 deficiency attenuates obesity and insulin resistance in leptin-resistant obese mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 380(4):818-22. [PubMed: 19338759] [MGI Ref ID J:147343]
Monroe DG; Wipf LP; Diggins MR; Matthees DP; Granholm NH. 1998. Agouti-related maturation and tissue distribution of alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone in wild-type (AwJ/AwJ) and mutant (Ay/a,a/a) mice. Pigment Cell Res 11(5):310-3. [PubMed: 9877102] [MGI Ref ID J:52183]
Moore KJ; Swing DA; Copeland NG; Jenkins NA. 1990. Interaction of the murine dilute suppressor gene (dsu) with fourteen coat color mutations [published erratum appears in Genetics 1990 Sep;126(1):285] Genetics 125(2):421-30. [PubMed: 2379821] [MGI Ref ID J:29467]
Moyer FH. 1966. Genetic variations in the fine structure and ontogeny of mouse melanin granules. Am Zool 6(1):43-66. [PubMed: 5902512] [MGI Ref ID J:5001]
Novak EK; Wieland F; Jahreis GP; Swank RT. 1980. Altered secretion of kidney lysosomal enzymes in the mouse pigment mutants ruby-eye, ruby-eye-2-J, and maroon. Biochem Genet 18(5-6):549-61. [PubMed: 6776948] [MGI Ref ID J:6422]
Nuotio-Antar AM; Hachey DL; Hasty AH. 2007. Carbenoxolone treatment attenuates symptoms of metabolic syndrome and atherogenesis in obese, hyperlipidemic mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293(6):E1517-28. [PubMed: 17878220] [MGI Ref ID J:145108]
Pettitt SJ; Liang Q; Rairdan XY; Moran JL; Prosser HM; Beier DR; Lloyd KC; Bradley A; Skarnes WC. 2009. Agouti C57BL/6N embryonic stem cells for mouse genetic resources. Nat Methods :. [PubMed: 19525957] [MGI Ref ID J:149352]
Poole TW. 1975. Dermal-epidermal interactions and the action of alleles at the agouti locus in the mouse. Dev Biol 42(2):203-10. [PubMed: 1090472] [MGI Ref ID J:5519]
Poole TW. 1982. The agouti suppressor (As) coat color mutation in mice: developmental effects on the expression of agouti locus alleles. J Exp Zool 220(1):57-64. [PubMed: 7077265] [MGI Ref ID J:6763]
Quevedo WC Jr.; Chase HB. 1958. An analysis of the light mutation of coat color in mice. J Morphol 102:329-345. [MGI Ref ID J:13094]
Quevedo WC Jr; Holstein TJ. 1992. The shift from physiological genetics to molecular genetics in the study of mouse tyrosinase. Pigment Cell Res Suppl 2:57-60. [PubMed: 1409439] [MGI Ref ID J:3852]
RUSSELL ES. 1949. A quantitative histological study of the pigment found in the coat-color mutants of the house mouse; interdependence among the variable granule attributes. Genetics 34(2):133-45. [PubMed: 18117146] [MGI Ref ID J:148461]
Rakyan VK; Chong S; Champ ME; Cuthbert PC; Morgan HD; Luu KV; Whitelaw E. 2003. Transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic states at the murine Axin(Fu) allele occurs after maternal and paternal transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(5):2538-43. [PubMed: 12601169] [MGI Ref ID J:82396]
Rice RH; Bradshaw KM; Durbin-Johnson BP; Rocke DM; Eigenheer RA; Phinney BS; Sundberg JP. 2012. Differentiating inbred mouse strains from each other and those with single gene mutations using hair proteomics. PLoS One 7(12):e51956. [PubMed: 23251662] [MGI Ref ID J:195664]
Rosenfeld CS; Sieli PT; Warzak DA; Ellersieck MR; Pennington KA; Roberts RM. 2013. Maternal exposure to bisphenol A and genistein has minimal effect on A(vy)/a offspring coat color but favors birth of agouti over nonagouti mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(2):537-42. [PubMed: 23267115] [MGI Ref ID J:193279]
Russell ES. 1948. A Quantitative Histological Study of the Pigment Found in the Coat Color Mutants of the House Mouse. II. Estimates of the Total Volume of Pigment. Genetics 33(3):228-36. [PubMed: 17247280] [MGI Ref ID J:148462]
Russell ES. 1946. A Quantitative Histological Study of the Pigment Found in the Coat-Color Mutants of the House Mouse. I. Variable Attributes of the Pigment Granules. Genetics 31(3):327-46. [PubMed: 17247200] [MGI Ref ID J:148463]
Russell ES. 1949. A Quantitative Histological Study of the Pigment Found in the Coat-Color Mutants of the House Mouse. IV. the Nature of the Effects of Genic Substitution in Five Major Allelic Series. Genetics 34(2):146-66. [PubMed: 17247308] [MGI Ref ID J:12958]
Russell LB. 1964. Genetic and Functional Mosaicism in the Mouse. In: The Role of the Chromosomes in Development. Academic Press, New York. [MGI Ref ID J:29504]
Russell LB; Cupp McDaniel MN; Woodiel FN,. 1963. Crossing over within the a "locus" of the mouse Genetics 48:907 Abstr. [MGI Ref ID J:174047]
SILVERS WK. 1958. An experimental approach to action of genes at the agouti locus in the mouse. III. Transplants of newborn Aw-, A-and at-skin to Ay-, Aw-, A-and aa hosts. J Exp Zool 137(1):189-96. [PubMed: 13563791] [MGI Ref ID J:13013]
Sakurai T; Ochiai H; Takeuchi T. 1975. Ultrastructural change of melanosomes associated with agouti pattern formation in mouse hair. Dev Biol 47(2):466-71. [PubMed: 1204945] [MGI Ref ID J:5606]
Silvers WK. 1979. The Coat Colors of Mice; A Model for Mammalian Gene Action and Interaction. In: The Coat Colors of Mice. Springer-Verlag, New York. [MGI Ref ID J:78801]
Soeller WC; Janson J; Hart SE; Parker JC; Carty MD; Stevenson RW; Kreutter DK; Butler PC. 1998. Islet amyloid-associated diabetes in obese A(vy)/a mice expressing human islet amyloid polypeptide. Diabetes 47(5):743-50. [PubMed: 9588445] [MGI Ref ID J:133694]
Suto J. 2008. Coincidence of loci for glucosuria and obesity in type 2 diabetes-prone KK-Ay mice. Med Sci Monit 14(2):CR65-74. [PubMed: 18227763] [MGI Ref ID J:131439]
Suto J. 2009. Identification of multiple quantitative trait loci affecting the size and shape of the mandible in mice. Mamm Genome 20(1):1-13. [PubMed: 19067046] [MGI Ref ID J:143893]
Suto J; Matsuura S; Imamura K; Yamanaka H; Sekikawa K. 1998. Genetics of obesity in KK mouse and effects of A(y) allele on quantitative regulation. Mamm Genome 9(7):506-10. [PubMed: 9657845] [MGI Ref ID J:48704]
Suwa A; Yoshino M; Yamazaki C; Naitou M; Fujikawa R; Matsumoto S; Kurama T; Shimokawa T; Aramori I. 2010. RMI1 deficiency in mice protects from diet and genetic-induced obesity. FEBS J 277(3):677-86. [PubMed: 20050919] [MGI Ref ID J:168271]
Sweet SE; Quevedo WC Jr. 1968. Role of melanocyte morphology in pigmentation of mouse hair. Anat Rec 162(2):243-54. [PubMed: 5726144] [MGI Ref ID J:5095]
Tamate HB; Takeuchi T. 1981. Induction of the shift in melanin synthesis in lethal yellow (A<y>/a) mice in vitro. Dev Genet 2:349-356. [MGI Ref ID J:11956]
Tanaka S; Kuwahara S; Nishijima K; Ohno T; Matsuzawa A. 2006. Genetic association of mutation at agouti locus with adrenal x zone morphology in BALB/c mice. Exp Anim 55(4):343-7. [PubMed: 16880681] [MGI Ref ID J:111619]
Tanaka S; Nishimura M; Matsuzawa A. 1994. Genetic association between agouti locus and adrenal X zone morphology in SM/J mice. Acta Anat (Basel) 149(3):170-3. [PubMed: 7976166] [MGI Ref ID J:19308]
The Jackson Laboratory Office of Genetic Resources. 1983. Registry of Remutation at The Jackson Laboratory, 1983-1984 MGI Direct Data Submission :. [MGI Ref ID J:79402]
The Jackson Laboratory Office of Genetic Resourses. 1979. Registry of Remutations at The Jackson Laboratory, 1979-1980 MGI Direct Data Submission :. [MGI Ref ID J:78474]
The Mammalian Genetics Unit at Harwell. 2004. Information obtained from the Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC), Harwell, UK Unpublished :. [MGI Ref ID J:90559]
Tsuruta Y; Yoshimatsu H; Hidaka S; Kondou S; Okamoto K; Sakata T. 2002. Hyperleptinemia in A(y)/a mice upregulates arcuate cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282(4):E967-73. [PubMed: 11882520] [MGI Ref ID J:75872]
Vrieling H; Duhl DM; Millar SE; Miller KA; Barsh GS. 1994. Differences in dorsal and ventral pigmentation result from regional expression of the mouse agouti gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91(12):5667-71. [PubMed: 8202545] [MGI Ref ID J:18750]
Wolff GL. 1978. Influence of maternal phenotype on metabolic differentiation of agouti locus mutants in the mouse. Genetics 88(3):529-39. [PubMed: 640377] [MGI Ref ID J:5964]
Woychik RP; Generoso WM; Russell LB; Cain KT; Cacheiro NL; Bultman SJ; Selby PB; Dickinson ME; Hogan BL; Rutledge JC. 1990. Molecular and genetic characterization of a radiation-induced structural rearrangement in mouse chromosome 2 causing mutations at the limb deformity and agouti loci. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87(7):2588-92. [PubMed: 2320577] [MGI Ref ID J:10399]
Wu Q; Howell MP; Cowley MA; Palmiter RD. 2008. Starvation after AgRP neuron ablation is independent of melanocortin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(7):2687-92. [PubMed: 18272480] [MGI Ref ID J:132184]
Animal Health Reports
Production of mice from cryopreserved embryos or sperm occurs in a maximum barrier room, G200.Colony Maintenance
Mating System Outcross-Intercross (Female x Male) 01-MAR-06 TJL Breeding Summary: homozyogote x B6C3Fe a/a F1 then obligate heterozygote x heterozygote
| Pricing for USA, Canada and Mexico shipping destinations |
|
Cryopreserved Mice - Ready for Recovery
Animals Provided
Price (US dollars $) Cryorecovery* $3000.00 At least two mice that carry the mutation (if it is a mutant strain) will be provided. Their genotypes may not reflect those discussed in the strain description. Please inquire for possible genotypes and see additional details below.
Standard Supply
Cryopreserved. Ready for recovery. Please refer to pricing and supply notes on the strain data sheet for further information.
Supply Notes
- Cryorecovery - Standard.
Progeny testing is not required.
The average number of mice provided from recovery of our cryopreserved strains is 10. The total number of animals provided, their gender and genotype will vary. We will fulfill your order by providing at least two pair of mice, at least one animal of each pair carrying the mutation of interest. Please inquire if larger numbers of animals with specific genotype and genders are needed. Animals typically ship between 11 and 14 weeks from the date of your order. If a second cryorecovery is needed in order to provide the minimum number of animals, animals will ship within 25 weeks. IMPORTANT NOTE: The genotypes of animals provided may not reflect the mating scheme utilized by The Jackson Laboratory prior to cryopreservation, or that discussed in the strain description. Please inquire about possible genotypes which will be recovered for this specific strain. The Jackson Laboratory cannot guarantee the reproductive success of mice shipped to your facility. If the mice are lost after the first three days (post-arrival) or do not produce progeny at your facility, a new order and fee will be necessary.Cryorecovery to establish a Dedicated Supply for greater quantities of mice.
Mice recovered can be used to establish a dedicated colony to contractually supply you mice according to your requirements. Price by quotation. For more information on Dedicated Supply, please contact JAX® Services, Tel: 1-800-422-6423 (from U.S.A., Canada or Puerto Rico only) or 1-207-288-5845 (from any location).
| Pricing for International shipping destinations |
|
Cryopreserved Mice - Ready for Recovery
Animals Provided
Price (US dollars $) Cryorecovery* $3900.00 At least two mice that carry the mutation (if it is a mutant strain) will be provided. Their genotypes may not reflect those discussed in the strain description. Please inquire for possible genotypes and see additional details below.
Standard Supply
Cryopreserved. Ready for recovery. Please refer to pricing and supply notes on the strain data sheet for further information.
Supply Notes
- Cryorecovery - Standard.
Progeny testing is not required.
The average number of mice provided from recovery of our cryopreserved strains is 10. The total number of animals provided, their gender and genotype will vary. We will fulfill your order by providing at least two pair of mice, at least one animal of each pair carrying the mutation of interest. Please inquire if larger numbers of animals with specific genotype and genders are needed. Animals typically ship between 11 and 14 weeks from the date of your order. If a second cryorecovery is needed in order to provide the minimum number of animals, animals will ship within 25 weeks. IMPORTANT NOTE: The genotypes of animals provided may not reflect the mating scheme utilized by The Jackson Laboratory prior to cryopreservation, or that discussed in the strain description. Please inquire about possible genotypes which will be recovered for this specific strain. The Jackson Laboratory cannot guarantee the reproductive success of mice shipped to your facility. If the mice are lost after the first three days (post-arrival) or do not produce progeny at your facility, a new order and fee will be necessary.Cryorecovery to establish a Dedicated Supply for greater quantities of mice.
Mice recovered can be used to establish a dedicated colony to contractually supply you mice according to your requirements. Price by quotation. For more information on Dedicated Supply, please contact JAX® Services, Tel: 1-800-422-6423 (from U.S.A., Canada or Puerto Rico only) or 1-207-288-5845 (from any location).
|
|
Cryopreserved. Ready for recovery. Please refer to pricing and supply notes on the strain data sheet for further information.
| Control | ||
|---|---|---|
| +/? from the colony | ||
| Considerations for Choosing Controls | ||
| Control Pricing Information for Genetically Engineered Mutant Strains. | ||
| phone: | 207-288-6470 |
| fax: | 207-288-6655 |
MICE, PRODUCTS AND SERVICES ARE PROVIDED “AS IS”. JACKSON EXTENDS NO WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, OR STATUTORY, WITH RESPECT TO MICE, PRODUCTS OR SERVICES, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR ANY WARRANTY OF NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, TRADEMARK, OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS.
In case of dissatisfaction for a valid reason and claimed in writing by a purchaser within ninety (90) days of receipt of mice, products or services, JACKSON will, at its option, provide credit or replacement for the mice or product received or the services provided.
In no event shall JACKSON, its trustees, directors, officers, employees, and affiliates be liable for any causes of action or damages, including any direct, indirect, special, or consequential damages, arising out of the provision of MICE, PRODUCTS or services, including economic damage or injury to property and lost profits, and including any damage arising from acts or negligence on the part of JACKSON, its agents or employees. Unless prohibited by law, in purchasing or receiving MICE, PRODUCTS or services from JACKSON, purchaser or recipient, or any party claiming by or through them, expressly releases and discharges JACKSON from all such causes of action or damages, and further agrees to defend and indemnify JACKSON from any costs or damages arising out of any third party claims.
MICE and PRODUCTS are to be used in a safe manner and in accordance with all applicable governmental rules and regulations.
The foregoing represents the General Terms and Conditions applicable to JACKSON’s MICE, PRODUCTS or services. In addition, special terms and conditions of sale of certain MICE, PRODUCTS or services may be set forth separately in JACKSON web pages, catalogs, price lists, contracts, and/or other documents, and these special terms and conditions shall also govern the sale of these MICE, PRODUCTS and services by JACKSON, and by its licensees and distributors.
Acceptance of delivery of MICE, PRODUCTS or services shall be deemed agreement to these terms and conditions. No purchase order or other document transmitted by purchaser or recipient that may modify the terms and conditions hereof, shall be in any way binding on JACKSON, and instead the terms and conditions set forth herein, including any special terms and conditions set forth separately, shall govern the sale of MICE, PRODUCTS or services by JACKSON.