Description

The genotypes of the animals provided may not reflect those discussed in the strain description or the mating scheme utilized by The Jackson Laboratory prior to cryopreservation. Please inquire for possible genotypes for this specific strain.

Strain Information

Former Names DW/J Mlphln Pit1dw/J    (Changed: 21-SEP-06 ) DW/J ln Pit1dw/+    (Changed: 15-DEC-04 ) Type Mutant Strain; Additional information on Genetically Engineered and Mutant Mice. Visit our online Nomenclature tutorial. Species laboratory mouse H2 Haplotype b

Appearance
agouti leaden, small body size
Related Genotype: A/A Mlph^ln/Mlph^ln Pit1^dw/Pit1^dw

agouti leaden, normal size
Related Genotype: A/A Mlph^ln/Mlph^ln +/?

Description
Mice homozygous mice for the dwarf spontaneous mutation (Pou1f1^dw) are characterized by severe dwarfing, sterility, and hypothyroidism. Adult dwarf mice are about one-fourth to one-third the size of wildtype mice. There is a lack of growth hormone, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone producing cells in the anterior pituitary leading to severe endocrine deficiency of these hormones. Homozygous mutant mice show a transient loss in cortical thymocytes associated with the primary defect in anterior pituitary.

Development
The mutation dwarf (Pou1f1^dw) arose in a stock of black silver mice obtained from an English fancier (William Turton of Ilkeson) in 1920. Dr. G. D. Snell found dwarf among the mouse stocks he had when at the Bussey Institute at Harvard University in 1921. He later received it at The Jackson Laboratory from Dr. MacDowell in 1948 after the 1947 Bar Harbor fire. A female carrier of dwarf that was brown (Tyrp1^b) and chinchilla (Tyr^c-ch) was mated to a jerker (Espn^je) male that was also ruby (Hps5^ru). A male offspring of this cross, carrying dwarf, ruby, jerker, brown and chinchilla, was mated to an ABY.B10 female. The ABY.B10 was a hybrid that was H2^b. A.BY is congenic from a non-inbred, BY, which carried brachyury (T), bred onto A/Lilly and AWySn then this congenic was crossed to C57BL/10 to make the H2^b strain hybrid for vigor. Mouse BY was A/a at the agouti locus. After crossing the male carrying dwarf, ruby, jerker, brown and chinchilla to the ABY.B10 female, the stock was then non-sibling mated for several generations and outcrossed once to piebald (Ednrb^s) females that were segregating for other loci including leaden (Mlph^ln) and albino (Tyr^c). In 1954 inbreeding and selection was started and at F13 in 1960 the stock was primarily agouti (A), leaden (Mlph^ln) and segregating dwarf (Pou1f1^dw). In 1966 the stock was at F35 and called DW/J and was sent to The Jackson Laboratory Animal Resources Mutant Stocks Department. A line of compatible mice of the wild type genotype was then constructed to provide hosts for ovarian transplantation. This line used for transplantation was DW.C3-Mlph⁺ Pou1f1⁺/J (Stock No. 000681). DW/J was maintained by ovarian transplantation for many generations. DW/J was cryopreserved in 1997 at generation F104 by mating heterozygous females to homozygous males that had a pituitary transplant from heterozygous littermates and a T4 pellet implanted subcutaneously allowing them to breed.

Control Information

	Control
	Wild-type from the colony
Considerations for Choosing Controls

Related Strains

Strains carrying   Mlph^ln allele

000112	B6.Cg-Sgk3fz H54 Mlphln/+ H54 +/J
000668	C57L/J
002902	STOCK Pax3Sp Mlphln/J
000275	V/LeJ

View Strains carrying   Mlph^ln     (4 strains)

Strains carrying   Pou1f1^dw allele

000772

B6.DW-Pou1f1dw/J

View Strains carrying   Pou1f1^dw     (1 strain)

Strains carrying other alleles of Mlph

000681	DW.C3-Mlph+ Pou1f1+/J
001640	STOCK Mlphln-l1Rk3/J

View Strains carrying other alleles of Mlph     (2 strains)

Strains carrying other alleles of Pou1f1

000510	C3H/HeJ-Pou1f1dw-J/J
000681	DW.C3-Mlph+ Pou1f1+/J

View Strains carrying other alleles of Pou1f1     (2 strains)

Additional Web Information

JAX^® NOTES, Fall 2001; 483. Extended Life Span in Mice with Dwarfing Mutations.

Phenotype

Phenotype Information

View Phenotypic Data

Phenotypic Data

Mouse Phenome Database

View Related Disease (OMIM) Terms

Related Disease (OMIM) Terms provided by MGI

- Potential model based on gene homology relationships. Phenotypic similarity to the human disease has not been tested. Griscelli Syndrome, Type 3; GS3   (MLPH) Pituitary Hormone Deficiency, Combined, 1; CPHD1   (POU1F1)

View Mammalian Phenotype Terms

Mammalian Phenotype Terms provided by MGI

      assigned by genotype

Pou1f1^dw/Pou1f1^dw

        DW/J Pou1f1^dw

• mortality/aging
• extended life span
  • lifespan of female mice housed with normal-sized control females (caretakers) is increased by 50% (872 days) over median life span (579 days) of controls   (MGI Ref ID J:73731)
  • lifespan of male mice housed with control males is reduced by 6%, however, when transferred to female caretakers the two oldest males lived 24% longer than controls   (MGI Ref ID J:73731)
• hematopoietic system phenotype
• decreased B cell number
  • the frequency of B lineage cells is significantly reduced   (MGI Ref ID J:110683)
  • treatment with T4 restores B lineage deficiency   (MGI Ref ID J:110683)
  • myelopoiesis and thymopoiesis were normal   (MGI Ref ID J:110683)
• immune system phenotype
• decreased B cell number
  • the frequency of B lineage cells is significantly reduced   (MGI Ref ID J:110683)
  • treatment with T4 restores B lineage deficiency   (MGI Ref ID J:110683)
  • myelopoiesis and thymopoiesis were normal   (MGI Ref ID J:110683)
• endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
• abnormal adenohypophysis morphology
  • at 8 days of age there are fewer actively dividing cells in the pituitary but no abnormal increase in apoptosis   (MGI Ref ID J:108961)
  • at 1 day of age a slight increase in apoptosis in the pituitary is found   (MGI Ref ID J:108961)
• • absent lactotrophs   (MGI Ref ID J:7211)
  • absent somatotrophs   (MGI Ref ID J:7211)
  • adenohypophysis hypoplasia
    • although normal size and morphology at 1 day of age, the pituitary is smaller than normal by 11 days of age due to reduced growth of the anterior lobes   (MGI Ref ID J:108961)
• nervous system phenotype
• abnormal adenohypophysis morphology
  • at 8 days of age there are fewer actively dividing cells in the pituitary but no abnormal increase in apoptosis   (MGI Ref ID J:108961)
  • at 1 day of age a slight increase in apoptosis in the pituitary is found   (MGI Ref ID J:108961)
• • absent lactotrophs   (MGI Ref ID J:7211)
  • absent somatotrophs   (MGI Ref ID J:7211)
  • adenohypophysis hypoplasia
    • although normal size and morphology at 1 day of age, the pituitary is smaller than normal by 11 days of age due to reduced growth of the anterior lobes   (MGI Ref ID J:108961)
• growth/size phenotype
• decreased body size
  • although homozygotes are the same size as control littermates at birth, they begin to be smaller at 2 weeks of age, are noticably smaller by 3 weeks of age, and are only one third to one quarter the size of normal littermates as adults   (MGI Ref ID J:108961)

The following phenotype information may relate to a genetic background differing from this JAX^® Mice strain.

Pou1f1^dw/Pou1f1^dw

        Background Not Specified

• growth/size phenotype
• proportional dwarf
  • mature individuals are only one fourth the weight of their normal sibs   (MGI Ref ID J:13120)
  • reduced size begins after 14th day   (MGI Ref ID J:13120)
• reproductive system phenotype
• infertility
  • both males and females are entirely sterile   (MGI Ref ID J:13120)
• homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
• decreased growth hormone level
  • GH was undetectable from birth to 6 weeks of age   (MGI Ref ID J:6589)
• decreased prolactin level
  • PRL was undetectable from birth to 6 weeks of age   (MGI Ref ID J:6589)
• • decreased circulating prolactin level
    • minimal concentrations of PRL were detected in the plasma   (MGI Ref ID J:6754)
• endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
• absent lactotrophs
  • PRL-producing mammotropes were absent   (MGI Ref ID J:6754)
• absent somatotrophs
  • GH-producing somatotropes were absent   (MGI Ref ID J:7211)
• decreased thyrotroph cell number
  • almost complete absence of TSH-producing thyrotroph   (MGI Ref ID J:12161)
• nervous system phenotype
• absent lactotrophs
  • PRL-producing mammotropes were absent   (MGI Ref ID J:6754)
• absent somatotrophs
  • GH-producing somatotropes were absent   (MGI Ref ID J:7211)
• decreased thyrotroph cell number
  • almost complete absence of TSH-producing thyrotroph   (MGI Ref ID J:12161)
• craniofacial phenotype
• abnormal molar morphology
  • mutants have normal molar crowns but reduced roots   (MGI Ref ID J:13120)

View Research Applications

Research Applications

This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:

Mlph^ln related

Dermatology Research
Color and White Spotting Defects

Pou1f1^dw related

Cell Biology Research
Signal Transduction
Transcriptional Regulation

Developmental Biology Research
Extended Life Span
Growth Defects

Endocrine Deficiency Research
Hypothalamus/Pituitary Defects

Immunology, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research
Immunodeficiency Associated with Other Defects

Reproductive Biology Research
Fertility Defects

Genes & Alleles

Gene & Allele Information provided by MGI

Allele Symbol		Mlphln
Allele Name		leaden
Allele Type		Spontaneous
Common Name(s)		ln;
Strain of Origin		C57BR
Gene Symbol and Name		Mlph, melanophilin
Chromosome		1
Gene Common Name(s)		2210418F23Rik; 5031433I09Rik; AW228792; D1Wsu84e; DNA segment, Chr 1, Wayne State University 84, expressed; SLAC2-A; Slac-2a; expressed sequence AW228792; l(1)-3Rk; l1Rk3; leaden; lethal, Chr 1, Roderick 3; ln;
Molecular Note		This allele has a C to T transition at mRNA nucleotide position 266. This introduces a stop codon in the sequence of the normally spliced transcript and it also creates a new splice donor site in exon 2. Use of this alternative splice site yields a transcript with an in-frame 21 base pair deletion that deletes 7 amino acids from the translated protein. Northern blots failed to detect this size difference and did not find any change from normal in transcript expression level. [MGI Ref ID J:71302]
Allele Symbol		Pou1f1dw
Allele Name		dwarf
Allele Type		Spontaneous
Common Name(s)		Pit1dw; Pit1dwSn; Snell's dwarf; Snell-Bagg pituitary dwarf; dw; dwarf;
Strain of Origin		STOCK Pmelsi
Gene Symbol and Name		Pou1f1, POU domain, class 1, transcription factor 1
Chromosome		16
Gene Common Name(s)		CPHD1; GHF-1; GHF1; GHF1A; Hmp1; PIT1; PIT1Z; POU1F1a; Pit-1; Pit1; Pit1-rs1; Snell dwarf; dw; dwarf; pituitary specific transcription factor 1; pituitary specific transcription factor 1, related sequence 1;
General Note		This mutation arose in a stock of silver mice obtained from an English fancier (J:13120). Homozygous mutant mice are about one-fourth to one-third normal size and are sterile. The small size is due to a defective anterior pituitary in which there is a great deficiency of GH-producing, PRL-producing, and TSH-producing cells (J:6754, J:7211, J:12161). The anterior pituitary of the Pit1dw homozygote is already abnormal at birth with no identifiable GH or PRL cells (J:6684). GH and PRL synthesis is not detectable at any stages from birth to 6 weeks of age (J:6589), and there is probably also a deficiency of TSH and corticotropin (J:19241). Adult dwarf mouse pituitaries retain an embryonic, incompletely differentiated form of corticotrophs (J:13323). The defects in growth and fertility may be corrected by pituitary implants (J:13139) or by administration of pituitary hormones (J:30695, J:5085). Two populations of cells give rise to thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary in developing mouse embryos. The first population arises at day 12 in the rostral tip of the gland. This population is independent of Pit1, as it appears in Pit1dw mice, but it disappears by birth. The second population, which arises in the caudomedial portion of the gland at embryonic day 15.5, is Pit1-dependent, and is absent in Snell dwarf mice(J:17223). Pit1dw mice have been reported to have a defective immune response that primarily affects the T cell system (J:19990), but other authors (J:6241, J:5638) have been unable to confirm these findings and attribute the previous results to secondary effects of dwarfing on overall vigor and nutritional status. Cross (J:2020) has shown that Pit1dw homozygous mice do develop normal immunocompetence, but that this development is delayed relative to that in normal littermates. Dwarf homozygotes have a severe deficiency of dopamine in the median eminence (J:6652).
Molecular Note		A G-to-T transversion mutation in codon 261 is predicted to convert a tryptophan residue in the homeodomain to a cysteine in the encoded protein. [MGI Ref ID J:10774]

Genotyping

Genotyping Information

Genotyping Protocols

Pou1f1^dw, Pyrosequencing
Pou1f1^dw, End Point Analysis

Helpful Links

Genotyping resources and troubleshooting

References

References provided by MGI

Selected Reference(s)

Boylston WH; Gerstner A; DeFord JH; Madsen M; Flurkey K; Harrison DE; Papaconstantinou J. 2004. Altered cholesterologenic and lipogenic transcriptional profile in livers of aging Snell dwarf (Pit1dw/dwJ) mice. Aging Cell 3(5):283-96. [PubMed: 15379852]  [MGI Ref ID J:109839]

Papaconstantinou J; Deford JH; Gerstner A; Hsieh CC; Boylston WH; Guigneaux MM; Flurkey K; Harrison DE. 2005. Hepatic gene and protein expression of primary components of the IGF-I axis in long lived Snell dwarf mice. Mech Ageing Dev 126(6-7):692-704. [PubMed: 15888324]  [MGI Ref ID J:98300]

Additional References

Camper SA; Saunders TL; Katz RW; Reeves RH. 1990. The Pit-1 transcription factor gene is a candidate for the murine Snell dwarf mutation. Genomics 8(3):586-90. [PubMed: 1981057]  [MGI Ref ID J:10998]

Chen J; Flurkey K; Harrison DE. 2002. A reduced peripheral blood CD4(+) lymphocyte proportion is a consistent ageing phenotype. Mech Ageing Dev 123(2-3):145-53. [PubMed: 11718808]  [MGI Ref ID J:73732]

Flurkey K; Papaconstantinou J; Harrison DE. 2002. The Snell dwarf mutation Pit1(dw) can increase life span in mice. Mech Ageing Dev 123(2-3):121-30. [PubMed: 11718806]  [MGI Ref ID J:73731]

Hsieh CC; DeFord JH; Flurkey K; Harrison DE; Papaconstantinou J. 2002. Implications for the insulin signaling pathway in Snell dwarf mouse longevity: a similarity with the C. elegans longevity paradigm. Mech Ageing Dev 123(9):1229-44. [PubMed: 12020945]  [MGI Ref ID J:77095]

Li S; Crenshaw EB 3rd; Rawson EJ; Simmons DM; Swanson LW; Rosenfeld MG. 1990. Dwarf locus mutants lacking three pituitary cell types result from mutations in the POU-domain gene pit-1. Nature 347(6293):528-33. [PubMed: 1977085]  [MGI Ref ID J:10774]

Madsen MA; Hsieh CC; Boylston WH; Flurkey K; Harrison D; Papaconstantinou J. 2004. Altered oxidative stress response of the long-lived Snell dwarf mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 318(4):998-1005. [PubMed: 15147972]  [MGI Ref ID J:90070]

Mlph^ln related

Anderson MG; Hawes NL; Trantow CM; Chang B; John SW. 2008. Iris phenotypes and pigment dispersion caused by genes influencing pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 21(5):565-78. [PubMed: 18715234]  [MGI Ref ID J:141035]

Fisher RA. 1953. The linkage of polydactyly with leaden in the house mouse. Heredity 7:91-95.  [MGI Ref ID J:12979]

Hauschka TS; Jacobs BB; Holdridge BA. 1968. Recessive yellow and its interaction with belted in the mouse. J Hered 59(6):339-41. [PubMed: 5713933]  [MGI Ref ID J:5110]

Hearing VJ; Phillips P; Lutzner MA. 1973. The fine structure of melanogenesis in coat color mutants of the mouse. J Ultrastruct Res 43(1):88-106. [PubMed: 4634048]  [MGI Ref ID J:5346]

Hume AN; Collinson LM; Hopkins CR; Strom M; Barral DC; Bossi G; Griffiths GM; Seabra MC. 2002. The leaden gene product is required with Rab27a to recruit myosin Va to melanosomes in melanocytes. Traffic 3(3):193-202. [PubMed: 11886590]  [MGI Ref ID J:105323]

Hume AN; Tarafder AK; Ramalho JS; Sviderskaya EV; Seabra MC. 2006. A coiled-coil domain of melanophilin is essential for Myosin Va recruitment and melanosome transport in melanocytes. Mol Biol Cell 17(11):4720-35. [PubMed: 16914517]  [MGI Ref ID J:117973]

Karolyi IJ; Dootz GA; Halsey K; Beyer L; Probst FJ; Johnson KR; Parlow AF; Raphael Y; Dolan DF; Camper SA. 2007. Dietary thyroid hormone replacement ameliorates hearing deficits in hypothyroid mice. Mamm Genome 18(8):596-608. [PubMed: 17899304]  [MGI Ref ID J:125708]

Markert CL; Silvers WK. 1956. The Effects of Genotype and Cell Environment on Melanoblast Differentiation in the House Mouse. Genetics 41(3):429-50. [PubMed: 17247639]  [MGI Ref ID J:12970]

Matesic LE; Yip R; Reuss AE; Swing DA; O'Sullivan TN; Fletcher CF; Copeland NG; Jenkins NA. 2001. Mutations in Mlph, encoding a member of the Rab effector family, cause the melanosome transport defects observed in leaden mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(18):10238-43. [PubMed: 11504925]  [MGI Ref ID J:71302]

Moore KJ; Swing DA; Copeland NG; Jenkins NA. 1990. Interaction of the murine dilute suppressor gene (dsu) with fourteen coat color mutations [published erratum appears in Genetics 1990 Sep;126(1):285] Genetics 125(2):421-30. [PubMed: 2379821]  [MGI Ref ID J:29467]

Moore KJ; Swing DA; Rinchik EM; Mucenski ML; Buchberg AM; Copeland NG; Jenkins NA. 1988. The murine dilute suppressor gene dsu suppresses the coat-color phenotype of three pigment mutations that alter melanocyte morphology, d, ash and ln. Genetics 119(4):933-41. [PubMed: 3410303]  [MGI Ref ID J:9309]

Murray JM. 1933. "Leaden", a recent color mutation in the house mouse. Am Naturalist 67:278-283.  [MGI Ref ID J:17162]

Nadeau JH. 2001. Modifier genes in mice and humans. Nat Rev Genet 2(3):165-74. [PubMed: 11256068]  [MGI Ref ID J:88013]

Novak EK; Hui SW; Swank RT. 1984. Platelet storage pool deficiency in mouse pigment mutations associated with seven distinct genetic loci. Blood 63(3):536-44. [PubMed: 6696991]  [MGI Ref ID J:7327]

Silvers WK. 1979. The Coat Colors of Mice; A Model for Mammalian Gene Action and Interaction. In: The Coat Colors of Mice. Springer-Verlag, New York.  [MGI Ref ID J:78801]

Stephenson DA; Glenister PH; Hornby JE. 1985. Site of beige (bg) and leaden (ln) pigment gene expression determined by recombinant embryonic skin grafts and aggregation mouse chimaeras employing sash (Wsh) homozygotes. Genet Res 46(2):193-205. [PubMed: 3910518]  [MGI Ref ID J:8167]

Sweet SE; Quevedo WC Jr. 1968. Role of melanocyte morphology in pigmentation of mouse hair. Anat Rec 162(2):243-54. [PubMed: 5726144]  [MGI Ref ID J:5095]

Ward RD; Stone BM; Raetzman LT; Camper SA. 2006. Cell proliferation and vascularization in mouse models of pituitary hormone deficiency. Mol Endocrinol 20(6):1378-90. [PubMed: 16556738]  [MGI Ref ID J:108961]

Pou1f1^dw related

Alderman JM; Flurkey K; Brooks NL; Naik SB; Gutierrez JM; Srinivas U; Ziara KB; Jing L; Boysen G; Bronson R; Klebanov S; Chen X; Swenberg JA; Stridsberg M; Parker CE; Harrison DE; Combs TP. 2009. Neuroendocrine inhibition of glucose production and resistance to cancer in dwarf mice. Exp Gerontol 44(1-2):26-33. [PubMed: 18582556]  [MGI Ref ID J:146699]

Barger JL; Walford RL; Weindruch R. 2003. The retardation of aging by caloric restriction: its significance in the transgenic era. Exp Gerontol 38(11-12):1343-51. [PubMed: 14698815]  [MGI Ref ID J:87701]

Barkley MS; Bartke A; Gross DS; Sinha YN. 1982. Prolactin status of hereditary dwarf mice. Endocrinology 110(6):2088-96. [PubMed: 7075549]  [MGI Ref ID J:6754]

Bartke A. 1967. Prolactin deficiency in genetically sterile dwarf mice. In: Endocrine Genetics. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.  [MGI Ref ID J:30695]

Bartke A. 1968. The response of dwarf mice to murine thyroid-stimulating hormone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 11(1):246-7. [PubMed: 5674697]  [MGI Ref ID J:5085]

Bartke A; Brown-Borg H; Mattison J; Kinney B; Hauck S; Wright C. 2001. Prolonged longevity of hypopituitary dwarf mice. Exp Gerontol 36(1):21-8. [PubMed: 11162909]  [MGI Ref ID J:66980]

Brooks NL; Trent CM; Raetzsch CF; Flurkey K; Boysen G; Perfetti MT; Jeong YC; Klebanov S; Patel KB; Khodush VR; Kupper LL; Carling D; Swenberg JA; Harrison DE; Combs TP. 2007. Low utilization of circulating glucose after food withdrawal in snell dwarf mice. J Biol Chem 282(48):35069-77. [PubMed: 17905742]  [MGI Ref ID J:127162]

CARSNER RL; RENNELS EG. 1960. Primary site of gene action in anterior pituitary dwarf mice. Science 131:829. [PubMed: 13807990]  [MGI Ref ID J:13139]

Chen HW; Meier H; Heiniger HJ; Huebner RJ. 1972. Tumorigenesis in strain DW-J mice and induction by prolactin of the group-specific antigen of endogenous C-type RNA tumor virus. J Natl Cancer Inst 49(4):1145-54. [PubMed: 4117317]  [MGI Ref ID J:46465]

Cheng TC; Beamer WG; Phillips JA 3rd; Bartke A; Mallonee RL; Dowling C. 1983. Etiology of growth hormone deficiency in little, Ames, and Snell dwarf mice. Endocrinology 113(5):1669-78. [PubMed: 6194978]  [MGI Ref ID J:7211]

Cross RJ; Bryson JS; Roszman TL. 1992. Immunologic disparity in the hypopituitary dwarf mouse. J Immunol 148(5):1347-52. [PubMed: 1531667]  [MGI Ref ID J:2020]

DiMattia GE; Rhodes SJ; Krones A; Carriere C; O'Connell S; Kalla K; Arias C; Sawchenko P; Rosenfeld MG. 1997. The Pit-1 gene is regulated by distinct early and late pituitary-specific enhancers. Dev Biol 182(1):180-90. [PubMed: 9073460]  [MGI Ref ID J:39064]

Dickson SL; Doutrelant-Viltart O; Leng G. 1995. GH-deficient dw/dw rats and lit/lit mice show increased Fos expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus following systemic injection of GH-releasing peptide-6. J Endocrinol 146(3):519-26. [PubMed: 7595148]  [MGI Ref ID J:29289]

Dozmorov I; Galecki A; Chang Y; Krzesicki R; Vergara M; Miller RA. 2002. Gene expression profile of long-lived snell dwarf mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 57(3):B99-108. [PubMed: 11867646]  [MGI Ref ID J:75145]

Dumont F; Robert F; Bischoff P. 1979. T and B lymphocytes in pituitary dwarf Snell-Bagg mice. Immunology 38(1):23-31. [PubMed: 315916]  [MGI Ref ID J:6241]

Duquesnoy RJ; Pedersen GM. 1981. Immunologic and hematologic deficiencies of the ypopituitary dwarf mouse. In: Immunologic Defects in Laboratory Animals. Plenum Press, New York, New York.  [MGI Ref ID J:19990]

ELFTMAN H; WEGELIUS O. 1959. Anterior pituitary cytology of the dwarf mouse. Anat Rec 135:43-9. [PubMed: 13819893]  [MGI Ref ID J:12161]

Fang Q; Longo-Guess C; Gagnon LH; Mortensen AH; Dolan DF; Camper SA; Johnson KR. 2011. A modifier gene alleviates hypothyroidism-induced hearing impairment in Pou1f1dw dwarf mice. Genetics 189(2):665-73. [PubMed: 21840860]  [MGI Ref ID J:177740]

Flurkey K; Papaconstantinou J; Harrison DE. 2002. The Snell dwarf mutation Pit1(dw) can increase life span in mice. Mech Ageing Dev 123(2-3):121-30. [PubMed: 11718806]  [MGI Ref ID J:73731]

Flurkey K; Papaconstantinou J; Miller RA; Harrison DE. 2001. Lifespan extension and delayed immune and collagen aging in mutant mice with defects in growth hormone production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(12):6736-41. [PubMed: 11371619]  [MGI Ref ID J:69878]

Gala RR. 1995. Influence of thyroxine and thyroxine with growth hormone and prolactin on splenocyte subsets and on the expression of interleukin-2 and prolactin receptors on splenocyte subsets of Snell dwarf mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 210(2):117-25. [PubMed: 7568281]  [MGI Ref ID J:29337]

Gala RR. 1995. The influence of thyroxine, growth hormone and prolactin alone and in combination on the production of prolactin-like activity by splenocytes from Snell dwarf mice. Life Sci 57(2):113-22. [PubMed: 7603293]  [MGI Ref ID J:26825]

Gala RR; Shevach EM. 1993. Influence of prolactin and growth hormone on the activation of dwarf mouse lymphocytes in vivo. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 204(2):224-30. [PubMed: 8415780]  [MGI Ref ID J:15274]

Gruneberg H. 1965. Genes and genotypes affecting the teeth of the mouse. J Embryol Exp Morphol 14(2):137-59. [PubMed: 5893447]  [MGI Ref ID J:12999]

Hsieh CC; DeFord JH; Flurkey K; Harrison DE; Papaconstantinou J. 2002. Effects of the Pit1 mutation on the insulin signaling pathway: implications on the longevity of the long-lived Snell dwarf mouse. Mech Ageing Dev 123(9):1245-55. [PubMed: 12020946]  [MGI Ref ID J:77094]

Hsieh CC; DeFord JH; Flurkey K; Harrison DE; Papaconstantinou J. 2002. Implications for the insulin signaling pathway in Snell dwarf mouse longevity: a similarity with the C. elegans longevity paradigm. Mech Ageing Dev 123(9):1229-44. [PubMed: 12020945]  [MGI Ref ID J:77095]

Hsieh CC; Papaconstantinou J. 2006. Thioredoxin-ASK1 complex levels regulate ROS-mediated p38 MAPK pathway activity in livers of aged and long-lived Snell dwarf mice. FASEB J 20(2):259-68. [PubMed: 16449798]  [MGI Ref ID J:105801]

Hurley DL; Birch DV; Almond MC; Estrada IJ; Phelps CJ. 2003. Reduced hypothalamic neuropeptide Y expression in growth hormone- and prolactin-deficient Ames and Snell dwarf mice. Endocrinology 144(11):4783-9. [PubMed: 12960004]  [MGI Ref ID J:105617]

Karolyi IJ; Dootz GA; Halsey K; Beyer L; Probst FJ; Johnson KR; Parlow AF; Raphael Y; Dolan DF; Camper SA. 2007. Dietary thyroid hormone replacement ameliorates hearing deficits in hypothyroid mice. Mamm Genome 18(8):596-608. [PubMed: 17899304]  [MGI Ref ID J:125708]

Koedam JA; Hoogerbrugge CM; van Buul-Offers SC. 1998. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 protease activity in Snell normal and Pit-1 deficient dwarf mice. J Endocrinol 157(2):295-303. [PubMed: 9659293]  [MGI Ref ID J:47738]

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