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| C3H/HeJ mice are used as a general purpose strain in a wide variety of research areas including cancer, infectious disease, sensorineural, and cardiovascular biology research. A spontaneous mutation occurred in C3H/HeJ at the lipopolysaccharide response locus (mutation in toll-like receptor 4 gene, Tlr4Lps-d) making C3H/HeJ mice more resistant to endotoxin. C3H/HeJ (Tlr4Lps-d) mice are highly susceptible to infection by Gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella enterica. | |||||||||
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Description
Strain Information
Former Names C3H/HeJ-Pde6brd1 (Changed: 19-MAR-08 ) Type Spontaneous Mutation; Additional information on Genetically Engineered Mutant Mice. Type Inbred Strain; Additional information on Inbred Strains. Mating System Sibling x Sibling (Female x Male) Species laboratory mouse H2 Haplotype k Generation F263 (03-JAN-08) 
Appearance
agouti
Related Genotype: A/AImportant Note
This strain does not carry mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). See JAX® NOTES, May 2000, No. 480. This strain is homozygous for retinal degeneration allele Pde6brd1, the defective lipopolysaccharide response allele Tlr4Lps-d, and for a chromosomal inversion on Chromosome 6.Description
C3H/HeJ mice are used as a general purpose strain in a wide variety of research areas including cancer, immunology and inflammation, sensorineural, and cardiovascular biology. C3H/HeJ mice and all other Jackson substrains are homozygous for the retinal degeneration 1 mutation (Pde6brd1), which causes blindness by weaning age. There is also a high incidence of hepatomas in C3H mice (reportedly 72-91% in males at 14 months, 59% in virgin females, 30-38% in breeding females). Despite the lack of exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), virgin and breeding females may still develop some mammary tumors later in life. C3H/HeJ mice, fed an atherogenic diet (1.25% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid and 15% fat), fail to develop atherosclerotic aortic lesions in contrast to several highly susceptible strains of mice (e.g. C57BL/6J, Stock No. 000664; C57L/J, Stock No. 000668, C57BR/cdJ, Stock No. 000667, and SM/J, Stock No. 000687). C3H/HeJ mice spontaneously develop alopecia areata (AA) at a reported incidence of approximately 0.25% by 18 months of age. Alopecia areata can be surgically-induced by grafting a small piece of skin from an older, donor animal with AA onto a younger, isogenic C3H/HeJ recipient. Visit the JAX ® Surgical Model for Alopecia Areata Web page for more information on this surgically induced model.A spontaneous mutation occurred in C3H/HeJ at the lipopolysaccharide response locus (later identified as a mutation in the toll-like receptor 4 gene, Tlr4Lps-d) making C3H/HeJ mice endotoxin resistant. C3H/HeJ (Tlr4Lps-d) mice are highly susceptible to infection by Gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella enterica. Mice infected with Salmonella exhibit delayed chemokine production, impaired nitric oxide generation and attenuated cellular immune responses. Mortality in infected mice appears to result from enhanced bacterial growth within the liver Kupffer cell network (Vazquez-Torres et al., 2004). The C3H/HeJ substrain is homozygous for an inversion on Chromosome 6 (symbol: In(6)1J). The inversion covers 20% of Chromosome 6 between D6Mit124 (~30.3 cM) and D6Mit150 (~51.0 cM), but results in no reported phenotype. Results from screening other C3H substrains and cryopreserved stock from C3H/HeJ suggest that the mutation arose after 1952. See JAX Notes, Fall 2003, No. 491. The spontaneous mutation, spike wave discharge 1 (spkw1), is present in C3H/HeJ, but not C3HeB/FeJ. Mice homozygous for this mutation exhibit a modest incidence of absence seizures.
Development
The C3H parent strain was developed by LC Strong in 1920 from a cross of a Bagg albino female with a DBA male followed by selection for high incidence of mammary tumors. This high incidence resulted from exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) transmitted through the mother's milk. The Jackson Laboratory maintains four C3H substrains, C3H/HeJ (Stock No. 000659), C3H/HeOuJ (Stock No. 000635), C3HeB/FeJ (Stock No. 000658) and C3H/HeSnJ (Stock No. 000661) that are now free of exogenous MMTV. C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeOuJ mice previously carried MMTV but were rederived in 1999 during planned efforts to increase the overall health status of the mice and the virus was not reintroduced. C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeOuJ substrains were separated in 1952 and are genetically very similar. However, a spontaneous mutation occurred in C3H/HeJ sometime between 1960 and 1968 at lipopolysaccharide response locus (mutation in toll-like receptor 4 gene, Tlr4lps) making C3H/HeJ mice endotoxin resistant while the other three C3H strains are endotoxin sensitive.
Related Strains
C3H Strains
005972 C3H/HeJBirLtJ 001824 C3H/HeJSxJ 000635 C3H/HeOuJ 000474 C3H/HeSn 000661 C3H/HeSnJ 000658 C3HeB/FeJ 001908 C3HfB/BiJ View C3H Strains (7 strains)
002930 C.C3-Tlr4Lps-d/J 005973 C3Bir.129P2(B6)-Il10C3Bir/LtJ 004326 C3Bir.129P2(B6)-Il10tm1Cgn/Lt 003968 C3Bir.129P2(B6)-Il10tm1Cgn/LtJ 005972 C3H/HeJBirLtJ
004297 B6.CXB1-Pde6brd10/J 002802 C3.BLiA Pde6b+-Krd/J 001979 C3A.BLiA-Pde6b+.O20-Prph2Rd2/J 001912 C3A.BLiA-Pde6b+/J 003648 C3Sn.BLiA-Pde6b+/Dn 004766 C57BL/6J-Pde6brd1-2J/J 004828 FVB.129P2-Pde6b+ Tyrc-ch/AntJ 004808 STOCK Mapttm1(EGFP)Klt Tg(MAPT)8cPdav/J
007227 B6.B10ScN-Tlr4lps-del/JthJ 003752 C57BL/10ScNJ
Additional Web Information
A Surgically Induced Model of Alopecia Areata.
C3H strains free of exogenous MMTV
Genetic Quality Control Annual Report
JAX® NOTES, April 1988; 433. H-2 Haplotypes of Mice from Jackson Laboratory Production Colonies.
JAX® NOTES, Fall 2003; 491. Chromosomal Inversion Discovered in C3H/HeJ Mice.
JAX® NOTES, January 1988; 432. Arthritis Models in the Mouse.
JAX® NOTES, July 1987; 430. LPS Responsiveness of C3H Substrains.
JAX® NOTES, July 1987; 430. Mammary Tumor Incidence in C3H/HeJ and C3H/OuJ.
JAX® NOTES, Spring 1995; 461. Neoplastic and Hyperplastic Lesions in the C3H/HeJ Mouse Strain.
JAX® NOTES, Spring 2003; 489. Malocclusion in the Laboratory Mouse.
JAX® NOTES, Spring 2005; 497. Update of Chromosome 6 Inversion in JAX® Mice Strain C3H/HeJ.
JAX® NOTES, Summer 2003; 490. Hydrocephalus in Laboratory Mice.
JAX® NOTES, Summer 2005; 498. Toll-like Receptor JAX® Mice for Immunological Research.
JAX® NOTES, Winter 2006; 504. JAX® Mice: the Gold Standard Just Got Better.
JAX® NOTES, Winter 2006; 504. Reliable New Sperm Cryopreservation Service Developed at The Jackson Laboratory.
Phenotype
Phenotype Information
Body Weight Information - JAX® Mice Strain C3H/HeJ (000659)Mouse Phenome Database
(This chart reflects the typical correlation between body weight and age for mice maintained in production colonies at The Jackson Laboratory.)
Mouse Phenome Database - body weight
Mouse Phenome Database - cardiovascular
Mouse Phenome Database - disease susceptibility
Mouse Phenome Database - ethanol effects
Mouse Phenome Database - food and water intake
Mouse Phenome Database - hematology
Mouse Phenome Database - lungs
Mouse Phenome Database / SNP Facility
Festing Inbred Strain Characteristics: C3H
JAX® Physiological Data Summary [pdf]
JAX® Physiological Data Protocol [pdf]
This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:
Pde6brd1 relatedCancer Research
Increased Tumor Incidence (Hepatomas)
Increased Tumor Incidence (Mammary Gland Tumors: late onset)
Cardiovascular Research
Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis (Relatively Resistant)
Immunology and Inflammation Research
Immunodeficiency (Tlr deficiency)
Neurobiology Research
Epilepsy
Research Tools
General Purpose
Sensorineural Research
Retinal Degeneration (Homozygous for Pde6brd1)
Tlr4Lps-d relatedMouse/Human Gene Homologs
retinitis pigmentosa, autosomal recessive
Sensorineural Research
Retinal Degeneration
Immunology and Inflammation Research
CD Antigens, Antigen Receptors, and Histocompatibility Markers (Tlr deficiency)
Immunodeficiency (Tlr deficiency)
Inflammation (Tlr deficiency)
Genes & Alleles
Gene & Allele Information
| Allele Symbol | Gria4spkw1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Allele Name | spike wave discharge 1 | ||
| Allele Type | QTL | ||
| Strain of Origin | C3H/HeJ | ||
| Gene Symbol and Name | Gria4, glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA4 (alpha 4) | ||
| Chromosome | 9 | ||
| Gene Common Name(s) | GLUR4; GLUR4C; GLURD; GluR-D; Glur-4; Glur4; glutamate receptor 4; spike wave 1; spkw1; | ||
| General Note | This allele interacts with spkw2. Animals with the highest incidence of spike wave discharges are homozygous for C3H/HeJ-derived alleles at spkw1 and heterozygous for C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ alleles at spkw2. | ||
| Molecular Note | Genomic PCR and sequencing showed a full-length intracisternal A-particle (IAP) proviral insertion in the last intron of Gria4 in C3H/HeJ mice. qRT-PCR showed a 10-fold difference in C3H/HeJ and C3HeB/FeJ substrains in transcripts detected between exons flanking the IAP-containing intron, and a neglible difference between upstream exon transcript levels in these substrains. Gria4 protein levels in HeJ cerebella are reduced compared with controls. [MGI Ref ID J:135814] | ||
| Allele Symbol | In(6)1J | ||
| Allele Name | inversion, Chr 6, Jackson 1 | ||
| Allele Type | Spontaneous | ||
| Strain of Origin | C3H/HeJ | ||
| General Note | C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeJBir carry this inversion; C3H/HeSnJ and C3HeB/FeJ do not. Examination of recombination distances in Recombinant Inbred (RI) strain sets developed using C3H/HeJ as a progenitor suggest none of these harbor the inversion. Mouse strains carrying spontaneous mutations that arose on the C3H/HeJ background after 1965-1970 could carry the inversion and are expected to if the mutation arose after the early 1970s. | ||
| Molecular Note | The In(6)1J inversion covers approximately 20% of Chr 6 in C3H/HeJ mice. Therefore, linkage crosses using C3H/HeJ will show no recombination in this region of Chr 6. Genetic analyses of congenic construction crosses suggested that the suppressed region lies between D6Mit124 (cytological band 6C3) and D6Mit150 (cytological band 6F1). FISH analyses using flanking BACs detected a paracentric chromosomal region between ~73 Mb and ~116 Mb. [MGI Ref ID J:105810] [MGI Ref ID J:87486] | ||
| Allele Symbol | Pde6brd1 | ||
| Allele Name | retinal degeneration 1 | ||
| Allele Type | Spontaneous | ||
| Common Name(s) | rd; rd-1; rd1; rodless retina; | ||
| Gene Symbol and Name | Pde6b, phosphodiesterase 6B, cGMP, rod receptor, beta polypeptide | ||
| Chromosome | 5 | ||
| Gene Common Name(s) | CSNB3; PDEB; Pdeb; RP40; nmf137; phosphodiesterase, cGMP, rod receptor, beta polypeptide; r; rd; rd-1; rd1; rd10; retinal degeneration; retinal degeneration 1; retinal degeneration 10; | ||
| Molecular Note | Two mutations have been identified in rd1 mice. A murine leukimia virus (Xmv-28) insertion in reverse orientation in intron 1 is found in all mouse strains with the rd1 phenotype. Further, a nonsense mutation (C to A transversion) in codon 347 that results in a truncation eliminating more than half of the predicted encoded protein, including the catalytic domain has also been identified in all rd1 strains of mice. A specific degradation of mutant transcript during or after pre-mRNA splicing is suggested. [MGI Ref ID J:11513] [MGI Ref ID J:4366] [MGI Ref ID J:51361] | ||
| Allele Symbol | Tlr4Lps-d | ||
| Allele Name | defective lipopolysaccharide response | ||
| Allele Type | Spontaneous | ||
| Common Name(s) | TLR4-Mu; Tlr4-; Tlr4d; TlrLps-d; lpsd; | ||
| Strain of Origin | C3H/HeJ | ||
| Gene Symbol and Name | Tlr4, toll-like receptor 4 | ||
| Chromosome | 4 | ||
| Gene Common Name(s) | ARMD10; CD284; Lps; RAS-like, family 2, locus 8; Rasl2-8; TOLL; hToll; lipopolysaccharide response; | ||
| General Note |
C3H/HeJ mice carry this allele. Various combinations of Lps-associated traits have been followed in crosses between C3H/HeJ and other C3H substrains, and the traits have in all cases segregated together (J:30692, J:5557, J:5593, J:5938). Some of the traits show dominance of the Tlr4lps-n allele; others, including Tlr4Lps-d, show codominance. Genbank ID for this allele: AF095353 | ||
| Molecular Note | This allele corresponds to a mutation in the third exon of the gene. A C to A substitution at nucleotide position 2342 results in an amino acid substitution that replaces proline with histidine at position 712. [MGI Ref ID J:51522] [MGI Ref ID J:53519] [MGI Ref ID J:57938] | ||
Genotyping
Genotyping Information
This strain will not have a genotyping protocol or one is not currently available.
Helpful Links
Optimizing PCR Protocols
References
References
Selected Reference(s)
Akeson EC; Donahue LR; Beamer WG; Shultz KL; Ackert-Bicknell C; Rosen CJ; Corrigan J; Davisson MT. 2006. Chromosomal inversion discovered in C3H/HeJ mice. Genomics 87(2):311-3. [PubMed: 16309882] [MGI Ref ID J:105810]
Dragani TA; Manenti G; Gariboldi M; Degregorio L; Pierotti MA. 1995. Genetics of liver tumor susceptibility in mice. Toxicol Lett 82-3:613-619. [PubMed: 8597117] [MGI Ref ID J:31816]
Heston WE; Vlahakis G. 1971. Mammary tumors, plaques, and hyperplastic alveolar nodules in various combinations of mouse inbred strains and the different lines of the mammary tumor virus. Int J Cancer 7(1):141-8. [PubMed: 4322934] [MGI Ref ID J:24674]
Outzen HC; Corrow D; Shultz LD. 1985. Attenuation of exogenous murine mammary tumor virus virulence in the C3H/HeJ mouse substrain bearing the Lps mutation. J Natl Cancer Inst 75(5):917-23. [PubMed: 2997536] [MGI Ref ID J:24864]
Paigen B; Ishida BY; Verstuyft J; Winters RB; Albee D. 1990. Atherosclerosis susceptibility differences among progenitors of recombinant inbred strains of mice. Arteriosclerosis 10(2):316-23. [PubMed: 2317166] [MGI Ref ID J:22615]
Additional References
DiPetrillo K; Tsaih SW; Sheehan S; Johns C; Kelmenson P; Gavras H; Churchill GA; Paigen B. 2004. Genetic analysis of blood pressure in C3H/HeJ and SWR/J mice. Physiol Genomics 17(2):215-20. [PubMed: 14996992] [MGI Ref ID J:89267]
Fortier AH; Slayter MV; Ziemba R; Meltzer MS; Nacy CA. 1991. Live vaccine strain of Francisella tularensis: infection and immunity in mice. Infect Immun 59(9):2922-8. [PubMed: 1879918] [MGI Ref ID J:27016]
McElwee KJ; Boggess D; King LE Jr; Sundberg JP. 1998. Experimental induction of alopecia areata-like hair loss in C3H/HeJ mice using full-thickness skin grafts. J Invest Dermatol 111(5):797-803. [PubMed: 9804341] [MGI Ref ID J:111520]
McElwee KJ; Boggess D; Miller J; King LE Jr; Sundberg JP. 1999. Spontaneous alopecia areata-like hair loss in one congenic and seven inbred laboratory mouse strains J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 4(3):202-6. [PubMed: 10674366] [MGI Ref ID J:60482]
Moeller GR; Terry L; Snyderman R. 1978. The inflammatory response and resistance to endotoxin in mice. J Immunol 120(1):116-23. [PubMed: 627714] [MGI Ref ID J:5936]
Moy SS; Nadler JJ; Young NB; Perez A; Holloway LP; Barbaro RP; Barbaro JR; Wilson LM; Threadgill DW; Lauder JM; Magnuson TR; Crawley JN. 2007. Mouse behavioral tasks relevant to autism: phenotypes of 10 inbred strains. Behav Brain Res 176(1):4-20. [PubMed: 16971002] [MGI Ref ID J:138682]
Roberts JE; Watters JW; Ballard JD; Dietrich WF. 1998. Ltx1, a mouse locus that influences the susceptibility of macrophages to cytolysis caused by intoxication with Bacillus anthracis lethal factor, maps to chromosome 11. Mol Microbiol 29(2):581-91. [PubMed: 9720874] [MGI Ref ID J:49726]
Siebenhaar F; Sharov AA; Peters EM; Sharova TY; Syska W; Mardaryev AN; Freyschmidt-Paul P; Sundberg JP; Maurer M; Botchkarev VA. 2007. Substance P as an immunomodulatory neuropeptide in a mouse model for autoimmune hair loss (alopecia areata). J Invest Dermatol 127(6):1489-97. [PubMed: 17273166] [MGI Ref ID J:122923]
Sultzer BM. 1968. Genetic control of leucocyte responses to endotoxin. Nature 219(160):1253-4. [PubMed: 4877918] [MGI Ref ID J:5087]
Sundberg JP; Boggess D; Silva KA; McElwee KJ; King LE; Li R; Churchill G; Cox GA. 2003. Major locus on mouse chromosome 17 and minor locus on chromosome 9 are linked with alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice. J Invest Dermatol 120(5):771-5. [PubMed: 12713579] [MGI Ref ID J:83350]
Sundberg JP; Cordy WR; King LE Jr. 1994. Alopecia areata in aging C3H/HeJ mice. J Invest Dermatol 102(6):847-56. [PubMed: 8006447] [MGI Ref ID J:18877]
Welkos SL; Keener TJ; Gibbs PH. 1986. Differences in susceptibility of inbred mice to Bacillus anthracis. Infect Immun 51(3):795-800. [PubMed: 3081444] [MGI Ref ID J:8197]
West DB; Boozer CN; Moody DL; Atkinson RL. 1992. Dietary obesity in nine inbred mouse strains. Am J Physiol 262(6 Pt 2):R1025-32. [PubMed: 1621856] [MGI Ref ID J:1348]
Xie C; Sharma R; Wang H; Zhou XJ; Mohan C. 2004. Strain distribution pattern of susceptibility to immune-mediated nephritis. J Immunol 172(8):5047-55. [PubMed: 15067087] [MGI Ref ID J:122988]
Gria4spkw1 relatedPde6brd1 relatedBeyer B; Deleuze C; Letts VA; Mahaffey CL; Boumil RM; Lew TA; Huguenard JR; Frankel WN. 2008. Absence seizures in C3H/HeJ and knockout mice caused by mutation of the AMPA receptor subunit Gria4. Hum Mol Genet 17(12):1738-49. [PubMed: 18316356] [MGI Ref ID J:135814]
Frankel WN; Beyer B; Maxwell CR; Pretel S; Letts VA; Siegel SJ. 2005. Development of a new genetic model for absence epilepsy: spike-wave seizures in C3H/He and backcross mice. J Neurosci 25(13):3452-8. [PubMed: 15800200] [MGI Ref ID J:98638]
Tlr4Lps-d relatedAcosta ML; Fletcher EL; Azizoglu S; Foster LE; Farber DB; Kalloniatis M. 2005. Early markers of retinal degeneration in rd/rd mice. Mol Vis 11:717-28. [PubMed: 16163270] [MGI Ref ID J:103970]
Ahuja S; Ahuja-Jensen P; Johnson LE; Caffe AR; Abrahamson M; Ekstrom PA; van Veen T. 2008. rd1 Mouse retina shows an imbalance in the activity of cysteine protease cathepsins and their endogenous inhibitor cystatin C. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49(3):1089-96. [PubMed: 18326735] [MGI Ref ID J:133024]
Ahuja-Jensen P; Johnsen-Soriano S; Ahuja S; Bosch-Morell F; Sancho-Tello M; Romero FJ; Abrahamson M; van Veen T. 2007. Low glutathione peroxidase in rd1 mouse retina increases oxidative stress and proteases. Neuroreport 18(8):797-801. [PubMed: 17471069] [MGI Ref ID J:122802]
Alvarez-Lopez C; Cernuda-Cernuda R; Alcorta E; Alvarez-Viejo M; Manuel Garcia-Fernandez J. 2004. Altered endogenous activation of CREB in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of mice with retinal degeneration. Brain Res 1024(1-2):137-45. [PubMed: 15451375] [MGI Ref ID J:92980]
Alvarez-Lopez C; Cernuda-Cernuda R; Garcia-Fernandez JM. 2006. The mPer1 clock gene expression in the rd mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus is affected by the retinal degeneration. Brain Res 1087(1):134-41. [PubMed: 16626665] [MGI Ref ID J:109668]
Alvarez-Lopez C; Cernuda-Cernuda R; Paniagua MA; Alvarez-Viejo M; Fernandez-Lopez A; Garcia-Fernandez JM. 2004. The transcription factor CREB is phosphorylated in neurons of the piriform cortex of blind mice in response to illumination of the retina. Neurosci Lett 357(3):223-6. [PubMed: 15003290] [MGI Ref ID J:121036]
Ardayfio P; Moon J; Leung KK; Youn-Hwang D; Kim KS. 2008. Impaired learning and memory in Pitx3 deficient aphakia mice: A genetic model for striatum-dependent cognitive symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis :. [PubMed: 18573342] [MGI Ref ID J:136304]
Ash J; McLeod DS; Lutty GA. 2005. Transgenic expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) blocks normal vascular development but not pathological neovascularization in the eye. Mol Vis 11:298-308. [PubMed: 15889014] [MGI Ref ID J:98579]
Azadi S; Paquet-Durand F; Medstrand P; van Veen T; Ekstrom PA. 2006. Up-regulation and increased phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) delta, mu and theta in the degenerating rd1 mouse retina. Mol Cell Neurosci 31(4):759-73. [PubMed: 16503160] [MGI Ref ID J:108601]
BRUCKNER R. 1951. [Slit-lamp microscopy and ophthalmoscopy in rat and mouse.] Doc Ophthalmol 5-6:452-554. [PubMed: 14896883] [MGI Ref ID J:25576]
Bi A; Cui J; Ma YP; Olshevskaya E; Pu M; Dizhoor AM; Pan ZH. 2006. Ectopic expression of a microbial-type rhodopsin restores visual responses in mice with photoreceptor degeneration. Neuron 50(1):23-33. [PubMed: 16600853] [MGI Ref ID J:122947]
Bibb LC; Holt JK; Tarttelin EE; Hodges MD; Gregory-Evans K; Rutherford A; Lucas RJ; Sowden JC; Gregory-Evans CY. 2001. Temporal and spatial expression patterns of the CRX transcription factor and its downstream targets. Critical differences during human and mouse eye development. Hum Mol Genet 10(15):1571-9. [PubMed: 11468275] [MGI Ref ID J:70841]
Blanks JC; Bok D. 1977. An autoradiographic analysis of postnatal cell proliferation in the normal and degenerative mouse retina. J Comp Neurol 174(2):317-27. [PubMed: 864040] [MGI Ref ID J:5812]
Bowes C; Danciger M; Kozak CA; Farber DB. 1989. Isolation of a candidate cDNA for the gene causing retinal degeneration in the rd mouse [published erratum appears in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990 Feb;87(4):1625] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86(24):9722-6. [PubMed: 2481314] [MGI Ref ID J:10184]
Bowes C; Li T; Danciger M; Baxter LC; Applebury ML; Farber DB. 1990. Retinal degeneration in the rd mouse is caused by a defect in the beta subunit of rod cGMP-phosphodiesterase [see comments] Nature 347(6294):677-80. [PubMed: 1977087] [MGI Ref ID J:10777]
Bowes C; Li T; Frankel WN; Danciger M; Coffin JM; Applebury ML; Farber DB. 1993. Localization of a retroviral element within the rd gene coding for the beta subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90(7):2955-9. [PubMed: 8385352] [MGI Ref ID J:4366]
Bumsted KM; Rizzolo LJ; Barnstable CJ. 2001. Defects in the MITF(mi/mi) apical surface are associated with a failure of outer segment elongation. Exp Eye Res 73(3):383-92. [PubMed: 11520113] [MGI Ref ID J:115620]
Caley DW; Johnson C; Liebelt RA. 1972. The postnatal development of the retina in the normal and rodless CBA mouse: a light and electron microscopic study. Am J Anat 133(2):179-212. [PubMed: 5009246] [MGI Ref ID J:5250]
Carter-Dawson LD; LaVail MM; Sidman RL. 1978. Differential effect of the rd mutation on rods and cones in the mouse retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 17(6):489-98. [PubMed: 659071] [MGI Ref ID J:5988]
Cayouette M; Gravel C. 1997. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of ciliary neurotrophic factor can prevent photoreceptor degeneration in the retinal degeneration (rd) mouse. Hum Gene Ther 8(4):423-30. [PubMed: 9054517] [MGI Ref ID J:39262]
Cayouette M; Smith SB; Becerra SP; Gravel C. 1999. Pigment epithelium-derived factor delays the death of photoreceptors in mouse models of inherited retinal degenerations. Neurobiol Dis 6(6):523-32. [PubMed: 10600408] [MGI Ref ID J:59343]
Chang B; Hawes NL; Hurd RE; Davisson MT; Nusinowitz S; Heckenlively JR. 2002. Retinal degeneration mutants in the mouse. Vision Res 42(4):517-25. [PubMed: 11853768] [MGI Ref ID J:75095]
Cohen AI; Blazynski C. 1990. Dopamine and its agonists reduce a light-sensitive pool of cyclic AMP in mouse photoreceptors. Vis Neurosci 4(1):43-52. [PubMed: 1702315] [MGI Ref ID J:78184]
Danciger M; Bowes C; Kozak CA; LaVail MM; Farber DB. 1990. Fine mapping of a putative rd cDNA and its co-segregation with rd expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31(8):1427-32. [PubMed: 1974892] [MGI Ref ID J:10689]
Daniels DM; Stoddart CW; Martin-Iverson MT; Lai CM; Redmond TM; Rakoczy PE. 2003. Entrainment of circadian rhythm to a photoperiod reversal shows retinal dystrophy in RPE65(-/-) mice. Physiol Behav 79(4-5):701-11. [PubMed: 12954412] [MGI Ref ID J:96439]
Delyfer MN; Forster V; Neveux N; Picaud S; Leveillard T; Sahel JA. 2005. Evidence for glutamate-mediated excitotoxic mechanisms during photoreceptor degeneration in the rd1 mouse retina. Mol Vis 11:688-96. [PubMed: 16163266] [MGI Ref ID J:103968]
Demos C; Bandyopadhyay M; Rohrer B. 2008. Identification of candidate genes for human retinal degeneration loci using differentially expressed genes from mouse photoreceptor dystrophy models. Mol Vis 14:1639-49. [PubMed: 18776951] [MGI Ref ID J:140115]
Doonan F; Donovan M; Cotter TG. 2003. Caspase-independent photoreceptor apoptosis in mouse models of retinal degeneration. J Neurosci 23(13):5723-31. [PubMed: 12843276] [MGI Ref ID J:84389]
Drager UC; Hubel DH. 1978. Studies of visual function and its decay in mice with hereditary retinal degeneration. J Comp Neurol 180(1):85-114. [PubMed: 649791] [MGI Ref ID J:5980]
Du Y; Davisson MT; Kafadar K; Gardiner K. 2006. A-to-I pre-mRNA editing of the serotonin 2C receptor: comparisons among inbred mouse strains. Gene 382:39-46. [PubMed: 16904273] [MGI Ref ID J:115050]
Ekstrom P; Sanyal S; Narfstrom K; Chader GJ; van Veen T. 1988. Accumulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein in Muller radial glia during retinal degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29(9):1363-71. [PubMed: 3417421] [MGI Ref ID J:27850]
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