Description

Strain Information

Type Congenic; Mutant Strain; Additional information on Genetically Engineered Mutant Mice. Species laboratory mouse Background Strain C57BL/6J Donor Strain Leprdb ,C57BLKS; m , DBA/J Generation N6 F35+N1

Description
Mice homozygous for the diabetes spontaneous mutation (Lepr^db) become identifiably obese around 3 to 4 weeks of age. Elevations of plasma insulin begin at 10 to 14 days and of blood sugar at 4 to 8 weeks. Affected mice are polyphagic, polydipsic, and polyuric. The course of the disease is markedly influenced by genetic background. On the C57BL/6 background there is compensatory hyperplasia of the islet B-cells, and continued hyperinsulinemia throughout an 18- to 20-month life span. Wound healing is delayed, and metabolic efficiency is increased. Although normal in body weight, blood glucose, and plasma insulin, heterozygotes (Lepr^db/+) also have increased metabolic efficiency, and can survive a prolonged fast longer than controls. Experiments involving destruction of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus suggest that Lepr^db may cause a defect in the hypothalamus. Steroid sulfotransferase enzymes, aberrantly expressed in diabetic mice, interact with the Lepr^db mutation as modifiers of gender differences in obesity-induced diabetes susceptibility. Because Lepr^db homozygotes are functionally sterile, the coat color marker misty (m) has been incorporated into stocks for maintenance of the diabetes mutation. The repulsion double heterozygote (m +/+ Lepr^db; e.g. Stock No. 000697) facilitates identification of heterozygotes for breeding, while the coupling double heterozygote, (m Lepr^db/+ +, this strain) allows identification of homozygotes before the onset of clinical symptoms.

The recessive misty mutation causes a mild dilution of coat color. On certain backgrounds, a white tail tip often accompanied by a belly spot is also present. Melanocytes from homozygous misty mice (m/m) have a highly dendritic shape, show deficient proliferation in culture and have much more melanin content. Fewer melanoblasts are found in primary cultures from m/m mice than from wildtype controls. Between two and five weeks of age, m/m mice are smaller than controls. At 35 days of age they are shorter, weigh 15% less on average, and have less inguinal adipose mass than controls. Misty homozygotes completely lack brown fat. Although platelet count, seratonin content and ATP content are normal, bleed time is increased and platelet AD levels are reduced in m/m homozygotes. (Woolley, 1941 and 1945; Truett et al. 1998; Sviderskaya et al. 1998.)

Control Information

Related Strains

Strains carrying   Lepr^db allele

002048	B6 x C57BLKS-m Leprdb Myo15sh2-J/J
000697	B6.Cg-m +/+ Leprdb/J
000642	BKS.Cg-m +/+ Leprdb/J
000700	BKS.Cg-m Leprdb/+ +/J
001192	BKS.Cg-meaJ Leprdb +/+ + m/J
000707	CBA.Cg-m Leprdb/+ +/J
006654	FVB.BKS(D)-Leprdb/ChuaJ

View Strains carrying   Lepr^db     (7 strains)

Strains carrying   m allele

002048	B6 x C57BLKS-m Leprdb Myo15sh2-J/J
000697	B6.Cg-m +/+ Leprdb/J
000027	B6.D-Tyrp1b m/J
000642	BKS.Cg-m +/+ Leprdb/J
000700	BKS.Cg-m Leprdb/+ +/J
001049	BKS.Cg-mea2J m/+ +/J
001192	BKS.Cg-meaJ Leprdb +/+ + m/J
000707	CBA.Cg-m Leprdb/+ +/J

View Strains carrying   m     (8 strains)

Strains carrying other alleles of Lepr

000709	129P3/J-Leprdb-3J/J
008518	B6.129-Leprtm1Mgmj/J
008320	B6.129-Leprtm2(cre)Rck/J
008385	B6.129-Leprtm2Mgmj/J
008327	B6.129P2-Leprtm1Rck/J
004939	NOD/ShiLtJ-Leprdb-5J/LtJ
006846	STOCK Leprdb-9J/Jgn

View Strains carrying other alleles of Lepr     (7 strains)

Additional Web Information

Congenic Nomenclature

Phenotype

Phenotype Information

View Related Disease (OMIM) Terms

Related Disease (OMIM) Terms

Diabetes Mellitus, Noninsulin-Dependent; NIDDM - Models with phenotypic similarity to human disease where etiologies are distinct.2

2 Human genes are associated with this disease. Orthologs of those genes do not appear in the mouse genotype(s).

View Mammalian Phenotype Terms

Mammalian Phenotype Terms

      assigned by genotype

Lepr^db/Lepr^db

        B6.Cg-m +/+ Lepr^db/J

• growth/size phenotype
• decreased body length (MGI Ref ID J:82334)
  • snout to anus length is decreased by about 5% compared to wild-type mice
• obese (MGI Ref ID J:103063)
  • develop progressive obesity
  • body weight is 2- to 3-fold more than in wild-type mice by 10 weeks of age
  • body weight is 10% and 20% more in males and females, respectively, compared to Leprr^tm1Mgmj homozygotes
  • increase in body weight becomes apparent at 4-6 weeks of age
• behavior/neurological phenotype
• male reduced copulation (MGI Ref ID J:6157)
• polyphagia (MGI Ref ID J:82334)
• cardiovascular system phenotype
• abnormal myocardial fiber morphology (MGI Ref ID J:103063)
  • exhibit myocyte hypertrophy
• left ventricle hypertrophy (MGI Ref ID J:103063)
  • increase in left ventricle wall thickness and mass is seen by 6 months of age but not at 2 months of age
  • induced weight loss via leptin infusion, but not via caloric restriction, partially resolves the hypertrophy
• muscle phenotype
• abnormal myocardial fiber morphology (MGI Ref ID J:103063)
  • exhibit myocyte hypertrophy
• homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
• abnormal circulating lipid level (MGI Ref ID J:18161)
  • HDL cholesterol and glucose levels increase concurrently
  • plasma lipid levels are similiar at 3.5 and 14 months of age on the C57BL/6J background unlike on a C57BL/KsJ background
• abnormal circulating cholesterol level (MGI Ref ID J:18161)
• increased circulating cholesterol level (MGI Ref ID J:18161)
  • fasting plasma total cholesterol concentration is increased 2 fold over controls
• increased circulating HDL cholesterol level (MGI Ref ID J:18161)
• increased circulating LDL cholesterol level (MGI Ref ID J:18161)
• increased circulating VLDL cholesterol level (MGI Ref ID J:18161)
• increased circulating triglyceride level (MGI Ref ID J:82334)
  • triglyceride levels are elevated 1.5- to 2-fold
• abnormal glucose homeostasis (MGI Ref ID J:82334)
• increased circulating glucose level (MGI Ref ID J:82334)
• hyperglycemia (MGI Ref ID J:18161)
• increased circulating insulin level (MGI Ref ID J:82334)
• abnormal hormone level (MGI Ref ID J:6157)
  • female mice exhibit an increase in hypothalamic gonadotrophin releasing hormone compared to in wild-type mice
• decreased adiponectin level (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • decreased in serum
• increased circulating insulin level (MGI Ref ID J:82334)
• increased circulating leptin level (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
• abnormal interleukin level (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • elevated levels of IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
• increased circulating interleukin-6 level (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • elevated levels of IL-6 in serum
• reproductive system phenotype
• abnormal female reproductive anatomy (MGI Ref ID J:82334)
  • atrophy of the reproductive organs
• constricted vagina opening (MGI Ref ID J:6157)
• small uterus (MGI Ref ID J:6157)
• absent estrous cycle (MGI Ref ID J:6157)
  • mice exhibit diestrous vaginal acyclicity or occasional metestrous acyclicity
• absent estrus (MGI Ref ID J:82334)
  • females never show signs of vaginal oestrous
• anovulation (MGI Ref ID J:82334)
• female infertility (MGI Ref ID J:6157)
  • all females fail to reproduce
• respiratory system phenotype
• abnormal functional residual capacity (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • reduced
  • pressure volume curves shifted to the right
• abnormal respiratory mechanics (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • end-expiratory pause increases considerably less than in controls after ozone exposure
• abnormal lung compliance (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • total lung resistance increases much more in response to ozone than in control mice
  • responsiveness to methacholine and serotonin is much greater than controls
• decreased pulmonary ventilation (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • ventilation volumes decline with ozone exposure but to a lesser degree than for controls
• lung inflammation (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • elevated levels of eotaxin, Il6, keratinocyte cytokine, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and neutrophiles in bronchoalveolar lavage as a result of ozone exposure
  • ozone induces significantly elevated levels of TNFR1
  • ozone induces a nonsignificant elevation of TNFR2 levels
  • elevated pulmonary levels of Il1beta mRNA 24 hours after ozone exposure
  • elevated pulmonary levels of TNF mRNA 24 hours after ozone exposure but to a lesser extent than in controls
• immune system phenotype
• abnormal inflammatory mediator physiology (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
• abnormal chemokine level (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • elevated levels of eotaxin, keratinocyte cytokine, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (also elevated in serum) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
• abnormal interleukin level (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • elevated levels of IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
• increased circulating interleukin-6 level (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • elevated levels of IL-6 in serum
• abnormal leukocyte morphology (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
• decreased leukocyte cell number (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • decrease blood leukocyte numbers
• increased neutrophil cell number (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • increased numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage
• lung inflammation (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • elevated levels of eotaxin, Il6, keratinocyte cytokine, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and neutrophiles in bronchoalveolar lavage as a result of ozone exposure
  • ozone induces significantly elevated levels of TNFR1
  • ozone induces a nonsignificant elevation of TNFR2 levels
  • elevated pulmonary levels of Il1beta mRNA 24 hours after ozone exposure
  • elevated pulmonary levels of TNF mRNA 24 hours after ozone exposure but to a lesser extent than in controls
• tumorigenesis
• increased metastatic potential (MGI Ref ID J:117826)
  • increased metastasis to the lung of both melanoma cell lines and lung cancer cell lines initially injected in the tail vein
• hematopoietic system phenotype
• abnormal leukocyte morphology (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
• decreased leukocyte cell number (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • decrease blood leukocyte numbers
• increased neutrophil cell number (MGI Ref ID J:115772)
  • increased numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage
• endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
• abnormal hypothalamus physiology (MGI Ref ID J:6157)
• nervous system phenotype
• abnormal hypothalamus physiology (MGI Ref ID J:6157)

The following phenotype information may relate to a genetic background differing from this JAX^® Mice strain.

Lepr^db/Lepr⁺

        B6.Cg-m +/+ Lepr^db/J

• growth/size phenotype
• increased body weight (MGI Ref ID J:82334)
  • slight but significant increase in body weight compared to wild-type mice
• life span-post-weaning/aging
• extended life span (MGI Ref ID J:6081)
  • increased survival when totally deprived of food than wild-type controls
  • survival when deprived of food is not as long as when in a C57BLKsS background

Lepr^db/Lepr⁺

        involves: C57BLKS/J

• homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
• abnormal glucose homeostasis (MGI Ref ID J:71934)
• abnormal circulating insulin level (MGI Ref ID J:71934)
  • 2.2X increase in fasting insulin during pregnancy compared to a 3X increase in controls
  • leptin treatment results in a 14% reduction in insulin levels compared to a 45% reduction in controls
• impaired glucose tolerance (MGI Ref ID J:71934)
  • profound glucose intolerance during pregnancy
  • glucose levels 41% higher in a glucose tolerance test at 30 and at 60 minute time points
  • 45-55% higher glucose levels after a glucose challenge but dramatically improved by leptin treatment and glucose levels reduced 33 and 30% in glucose tolerance tests at 30 and 60 minute time points
• increased circulating glucose level (MGI Ref ID J:71934)
  • fasting glucose levels elevated 25% during pregnancy
• abnormal hormone level (MGI Ref ID J:71934)
  • elevated placental leptin levels in pregnant females
• abnormal circulating insulin level (MGI Ref ID J:71934)
  • 2.2X increase in fasting insulin during pregnancy compared to a 3X increase in controls
  • leptin treatment results in a 14% reduction in insulin levels compared to a 45% reduction in controls
• behavior/neurological phenotype
• increased eating behavior (MGI Ref ID J:71934)
  • food intake 11% greater than controls during pregnancy
  • leptin treatment suppresses food intake to near control levels
• growth/size phenotype
• increased weight gain (MGI Ref ID J:71934)
  • 33% greater maternal weight gain
  • maternal body weight at term 24% greater than controls
  • birth weights significantly heavier than controls and unaffected by maternal leptin treatment unlike controls where maternal leptin treatment causes a decrease in birth weights
• adipose tissue phenotype
• increased adipose tissue amount (MGI Ref ID J:71934)
  • 20% greater adipose tissue mass during pregnancy than in controls

Lepr^db/Lepr⁺

        BKS.Cg-m +/+ Lepr^db/J

• life span-post-weaning/aging
• extended life span (MGI Ref ID J:6081)
  • increased survival when totally deprived of food than wild-type controls
  • survival when deprived of food is longer rhan when in a C57BL/6 background

Lepr^db/Lepr^db

        involves: C57BLKS/J

• homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
• abnormal body temperature regulation (MGI Ref ID J:89242)
  • mutants become hypothermic after a 12 hour fast
  • mutants housed at 4 degrees C for 3.5 hours cannot maintain their body temperature like wild-type and drop about 1 degree in body temperature every 30 min until they reach 34 degrees C, at which point they stabilize this temperature, indicating decreased sympathetic activity
• abnormal glucose homeostasis (MGI Ref ID J:80996)
• decreased circulating glucose level (MGI Ref ID J:117919)
  • mice treated with adenovirus expressing Adipor1 (1.5-fold increase in liver expression), show decreased plasma glucose compared to wild-type
  • mice treated with an adenovirus expressing Adipor2 (5-fold increase in liver expression), show decreased plasma glucose compared to wild-type
• decreased circulating insulin level (MGI Ref ID J:117919)
  • mice treated with an adenovirus expressing Adipor 2 show improved glucose resistance and decreased plasma insulin level
• impaired glucose tolerance (MGI Ref ID J:89242)
• increased circulating glucose level (MGI Ref ID J:5010)
  • plasma fasting glucose is increased
• hyperglycemia (MGI Ref ID J:117919)
  • diabetes is improved after treatment with an adenovirus expressing Adipor1 or Adipor2
• increased circulating insulin level (MGI Ref ID J:5010)
  • fasting insulin is increased
• insulin resistance (MGI Ref ID J:117919)
  • mice treated with an adenovirus expressing Adipor1 or Adipor 2 show improved insulin resistance
• increased circulating corticosterone level (MGI Ref ID J:89242)
• increased circulating leptin level (MGI Ref ID J:89242)
• proteinuria (MGI Ref ID J:5257)
  • in females when compared to female controls
  • levels of protein in urine similar in males and females but levels in males lower than in male controls
• growth/size phenotype
• decreased body length (MGI Ref ID J:89242)
  • mutants are about 5% shorter than controls
• increased body weight (MGI Ref ID J:5010)
  • by four weeks of age
• obese (MGI Ref ID J:89242)
• reproductive system phenotype
• abnormal uterus morphology (MGI Ref ID J:80996)
• abnormal endometrium morphology (MGI Ref ID J:80996)
  • increased volume and density of lipid inclusion vacuoles
  • basal membrane of epithelial cells displays a folded contour at locations where lipid accumulates
  • tissue norepinephrin levels elevated by 4 weeks of age and remain elevated
• decreased uterus weight (MGI Ref ID J:80996)
  • decreased relative to controls by 4 weeks of age
  • 1/3 normal tissue weight by 12 weeks
• vision/eye phenotype
• abnormal intraocular pressure (MGI Ref ID J:82879)
  • modest but significant elevation of intraocular pressure
• behavior/neurological phenotype
• abnormal conditioned taste aversion behavior (MGI Ref ID J:85127)
  • aversion response is more strongly generalized from saccharin to sucrose
  • lower aversion threshold for sucrose than in controls
  • recovery from conditioned taste aversion is more rapid than in controls
• polydipsia (MGI Ref ID J:5010)
• polyphagia (MGI Ref ID J:5010)
• renal/urinary system phenotype
• abnormal calyx morphology (MGI Ref ID J:5257)
  • calyceal dilation eventually develops
• abnormal kidney papilla morphology (MGI Ref ID J:5257)
  • eventually becomes flattened
• abnormal renal glomerulus morphology (MGI Ref ID J:30970)
  • large quantites if immunoglobulin and complement are found in the mesangium
  • basement membrane becomes thickened with age
• polyuria (MGI Ref ID J:5010)
• proteinuria (MGI Ref ID J:5257)
  • in females when compared to female controls
  • levels of protein in urine similar in males and females but levels in males lower than in male controls
• immune system phenotype
• increased susceptibility to autoimmune diabetes (MGI Ref ID J:7005)
  • T cells from homozygous mice but not those from heterozygous mice suppressed the beta cell response to glucose + theophylline
• endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
• abnormal hypothalamus physiology (MGI Ref ID J:1325)
  • hypothalamic uptake of norepinephrine is decreased in males
• nervous system phenotype
• abnormal hypothalamus physiology (MGI Ref ID J:1325)
  • hypothalamic uptake of norepinephrine is decreased in males
• adipose tissue phenotype
• increased adipose tissue amount (MGI Ref ID J:89242)
  • increase in total fat content

Lepr^db/Lepr^db

        C57BLKS/J

• behavior/neurological phenotype
• polyphagia (MGI Ref ID J:96047)
• digestive/alimentary phenotype
• abnormal pancreatic islet morphology (MGI Ref ID J:96047)
  • islet mass and density are significantly increased compared to wild-type mice
• abnormal pancreatic beta cell morphology (MGI Ref ID J:96047)
  • individual beta cell size is increased
• endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
• abnormal pancreatic islet morphology (MGI Ref ID J:96047)
  • islet mass and density are significantly increased compared to wild-type mice
• abnormal pancreatic beta cell morphology (MGI Ref ID J:96047)
  • individual beta cell size is increased
• growth/size phenotype
• increased body weight (MGI Ref ID J:106597)
  • overweight by 4 weeks of age
• obese (MGI Ref ID J:104790)
• homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
• abnormal glucose homeostasis (MGI Ref ID J:107138)
  • diabetic phenotype appears earlier in males than in females
• hyperglycemia (MGI Ref ID J:104790)
  • by 8 weeks
• increased circulating insulin level (MGI Ref ID J:104790)
  • hyperinsulinemia by 8 weeks
• abnormal metabolism (MGI Ref ID J:107138)
  • carbohydrate oxidation becomes reduced
  • palmitate oxidation is elevated
• altered response to myocardial infarction (MGI Ref ID J:104790)
  • homozygotes subjected to 45 min of ischemia display an increase in diastolic dimensions, significant dilatation of left ventricular end-systolic dimensions, a 30% reduction in fractional shortening, and an increase in cardiac hypertrophy, 28 days postreperfusion, indicating decreased tolerance to myocardial infarction
• decreased body temperature (MGI Ref ID J:96047)
• hyperlipidemia (MGI Ref ID J:96047)
• increased circulating free fatty acid level (MGI Ref ID J:106871)
• increased glycosylated hemoglobin level (MGI Ref ID J:104790)
  • significant increase in the percentage of plasma glycosylated hemoglobin
• cardiovascular system phenotype
• abnormal cardiac muscle morphology (MGI Ref ID J:107138)
  • myocardial triacylglycerol content 2X that of controls at 10-18 weeks of age
• abnormal cardiovascular system physiology (MGI Ref ID J:107138)
  • at low fatty acid supply, hearts consume 86% more oxygen (MV_O2) for noncontractile purposes compared with control hearts and a further increase in fatty acid supply has no effect on the already elevated unloaded MV_O2, indicating reduced cardiac efficiency in unloaded hearts
• abnormal blood circulation (MGI Ref ID J:107138)
  • reduced aortic flow
• cardiac ischemia (MGI Ref ID J:107138)
  • reduced recovery of mechanical function after 13 minutes of ischemia and reperfusion
• decreased cardiac output (MGI Ref ID J:107138)
  • cardiac output is reduced in fatty acid perfused hearts
• altered response to myocardial infarction (MGI Ref ID J:104790)
  • homozygotes subjected to 45 min of ischemia display an increase in diastolic dimensions, significant dilatation of left ventricular end-systolic dimensions, a 30% reduction in fractional shortening, and an increase in cardiac hypertrophy, 28 days postreperfusion, indicating decreased tolerance to myocardial infarction
• decreased cardiac muscle contractility (MGI Ref ID J:106871)
  • hearts show a significant increase in the slope of the MV_O2-PVA (pressure volume area) regression line after elevation of fatty acids, suggesting a reduction in contractile efficiency
• decreased heart rate (MGI Ref ID J:107138)
  • intrinsic heart rates are reduced at all workloads
• decreased systolic blood pressure (MGI Ref ID J:107138)
  • decreased peak systolic pressure
  • decreased peak systolic pressure X cardiac output
  • decreased peak systolic pressure X heart rate
• increased left ventricle diastolic pressure (MGI Ref ID J:106871)
  • hearts show a significant increase in the slope of the MV_O2-PVA (pressure volume area) regression line after elevation of fatty acids, suggesting a reduction in contractile efficiency
• hematopoietic system phenotype
• increased glycosylated hemoglobin level (MGI Ref ID J:104790)
  • significant increase in the percentage of plasma glycosylated hemoglobin
• life span-post-weaning/aging
• abnormal induced morbidity/mortality (MGI Ref ID J:104790)
  • homozygotes subjected to 30, 45, and 60 min of left coronary artery ischemia-reperfusion exhibit survival rates of 71%, 53%, and 18%, respectively, at 24 h after reperfusion, much lower than in controls
  • homozygotes subjected to 30 and 45 min of left coronary artery occlusion show survival rates of 58% and 44%, respectively, at 28 days after reperfusion, compared to 100% and 88% in controls
• cellular phenotype
• abnormal aerobic energy metabolism (MGI Ref ID J:106871)
  • elevation of fatty acids in perfused hearts causes an increase in fatty acid oxidation combined with a reduction in glucose oxidation rates
  • state 3 respiration is elevated in cardiac mitochondria incubated with palmitoyl-carnitine but not with pyruvate
• muscle phenotype
• abnormal cardiac muscle morphology (MGI Ref ID J:107138)
  • myocardial triacylglycerol content 2X that of controls at 10-18 weeks of age
• decreased cardiac muscle contractility (MGI Ref ID J:106871)
  • hearts show a significant increase in the slope of the MV_O2-PVA (pressure volume area) regression line after elevation of fatty acids, suggesting a reduction in contractile efficiency
• increased vascular smooth muscle contraction (MGI Ref ID J:106597)
  • hypercontractility of smooth muscle in aortic strips due to either phenylephrine or serotonin
  • hypercontractility corrollated with the levels of obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia
  • maximal contractions increase with age rather than decrease as in controls

Lepr^db/Lepr^db

        FVB.BKS-Lepr^db

• growth/size phenotype
• obese (MGI Ref ID J:78850)
  • mice of both sexes are obese
• homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
• abnormal circulating glucose level (MGI Ref ID J:78850)
  • after a 2-day fast on refeeding with carbohydrate-free diet, female obese mice show a rise in glucose
• hyperglycemia (MGI Ref ID J:78850)
  • obese mice have a prolonged period of hyperglycemia compared to obese B6.BKS-Lepr^db mice where glucose levels rarely exceed 250 mg/dl
  • fasting mice are hyperglycemic at 3 months of age, while obese B6.BKS-Lepr^db fasted mice are euglycemic
  • levels increase from 5 to 7 months in obese females to ~500 ng/ml, significantly higher than the males (~40 ng/ml) or obese B6.BKS-Lepr^db females (~50 ng/ml)
• impaired glucose tolerance (MGI Ref ID J:78850)
  • at 7 months of age obese males are severely glucose intolerant with glucose levels of >400 mg/dl 90 minutes after glucose load compared to obese B6.BKS-Lepr^db mice clear glucose load by 90 min
  • obese mice show a rapid increase of blood glucose above 400 mg/dl with diminished rate of glucose clearance
• increased circulating insulin level (MGI Ref ID J:78850)
  • at 3 months of age, females show a trend toward higher insulin levels compared to obese B6.BKS-Lepr^db females; at 5-7 months insulin levels (~500 ng/ml) are ~10-fold higher than levels in obese female obese B6.BKS-Lepr^db mice (~50 ng/ml)
• insulin resistance (MGI Ref ID J:78850)
  • at 7 months of age, 3U/kg of insulin does not alter circulating glucose levels, while in B6.BKS-Lepr mice, glucose decreases by 50% by 40 minutes; 12U/kg insulin does not cause a decrease in glucose in obese female mice on the FVB background
  • at a dose of 3U/kg 6-week old mice show a diminished response to insulin
  • circulating insulin levels in the fed state show that obese mice have exteme insulin resistance
• endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
• increased pancreatic beta cell number (MGI Ref ID J:78850)
  • obese mice show massive expansion of beta cells (744 insulin +ve cells/islet cross-section in obese vs 165 +ve cells in lean mice); there are 4.5-fold more cells per islet cross-section in obese mice
• pancreatic islet hyperplasia (MGI Ref ID J:78850)
  • some islets in obese mice have more than 1000 cells per cross section; such islets are absent in lean mice
• digestive/alimentary phenotype
• increased pancreatic beta cell number (MGI Ref ID J:78850)
  • obese mice show massive expansion of beta cells (744 insulin +ve cells/islet cross-section in obese vs 165 +ve cells in lean mice); there are 4.5-fold more cells per islet cross-section in obese mice
• pancreatic islet hyperplasia (MGI Ref ID J:78850)
  • some islets in obese mice have more than 1000 cells per cross section; such islets are absent in lean mice
• renal/urinary system phenotype
• abnormal renal glomerulus morphology (MGI Ref ID J:78850)
  • at 7 months of age, obese mice show an increased mesangial matrix in most glomeruli compared to lean controls, resembling diabetic nephropathy; some small glomeruli have separated from the capsule with nearly obliterated microtubules

Lepr^db/Lepr^db

        BKS.Cg-m +/+ Lepr^db/J

• homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
• abnormal circulating glucose level (MGI Ref ID J:43162)
• decreased circulating glucose level (MGI Ref ID J:43162)
  • brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) causes a drop in blood glucose relative to controls 8 weeks after treatment
  • affect of BDNF on blood glucose becomes progressively less as mice age
  • neurotrophin 3 also causes a drop in blood glucose but the glucose levels return to normal by 24 hours after treatment
  • glucose levels are reduced at all times tested when mice are placed on feeding restriction during the dark phase
• increased circulating glucose level (MGI Ref ID J:6323)
  • blood glucose shows a progressive increase from 5 through 33 weeks
• abnormal circulating lipid level (MGI Ref ID J:18161)
  • plasma lipid levels differ between young and old mutants unlike on the C57BL/6J background where levels are similar at both ages; 14-month old mice have lower triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and combined VLDL + LDL cholesterol levels than 14-week old mice, but have significantly higher plasma triglyceride levels
• abnormal circulating cholesterol level (MGI Ref ID J:18161)
• increased circulating cholesterol level (MGI Ref ID J:18161)
  • fasting plasma total cholesterol concentration is increased 2 fold over controls
• increased circulating HDL cholesterol level (MGI Ref ID J:18161)
• increased circulating LDL cholesterol level (MGI Ref ID J:18161)
• increased circulating VLDL cholesterol level (MGI Ref ID J:18161)
• decreased circulating triglyceride level (MGI Ref ID J:91813)
  • triglyceride levels are reduced at all times tested when mice are placed on feeding restriction during the dark phase
• increased circulating triglyceride level (MGI Ref ID J:18161)
  • triglyceride levels are elevated 1.5- to 2-fold
• decreased albumin excretion (MGI Ref ID J:82491)
  • mutants treated with sRAGE do not show the increased albumin excretion seen in untreated mutants (0.11 ug albumin/ug creatinine vs 0.20 ug albumin/ ug creatinine); levels are not significantly different from control animals (0.08 ug albumin/ ug creatinine)
• decreased circulating insulin level (MGI Ref ID J:43162)
  • BDNF causes a 50% reduction in plasma insulin relative to controls
  • morning insulin levels lowered when feeding is restricted during the dark phase
• improved glucose tolerance (MGI Ref ID J:43162)
  • BDNF treatment causes a lower blood glucose level response in a glucose tolerance test
• growth/size phenotype
• obese (MGI Ref ID J:6323)
  • become progressively obese starting at 5 weeks of age
  • weight reaches 2.5X that of control mice by 3 months of age
• weight loss (MGI Ref ID J:91813)
  • body weight drops after 6 days on feeding restriction during the dark phase
• renal/urinary system phenotype
• decreased albumin excretion (MGI Ref ID J:82491)
  • mutants treated with sRAGE do not show the increased albumin excretion seen in untreated mutants (0.11 ug albumin/ug creatinine vs 0.20 ug albumin/ ug creatinine); levels are not significantly different from control animals (0.08 ug albumin/ ug creatinine)
• increased creatinine clearance (MGI Ref ID J:82491)
  • male mutants treated with sRAGE to achieve RAGE blockade display increased creatinine clearance (~5.1 ml/hour/100 x g body weight) compared to PBS-treated mutants (~3 ml/hour/100 x g body weight), approaching wild-type levels (6.7 ml/hour/100 x g body weight)
• nervous system phenotype
• abnormal CNS synaptic transmission (MGI Ref ID J:109401)
• absent long term depression (MGI Ref ID J:109401)
  • CA1 hippocampal slices indicate no long term depression on recordings of excitatory post-synaptic potentials
• reduced long term potentiation (MGI Ref ID J:109401)
  • CA1 hippocampal slices indicate brief post tetanic potentiation but no long term potentiation on recordings of excitatory post-synaptic potentials
• abnormal nerve conduction (MGI Ref ID J:6323)
  • motor nerve conductance significantly lower than controls from 7 weeks of age onward
  • velocity returns to and is maintained at prediabetic levels by 15 weeks of age whereas control mice show a continuous increase in velocity
  • insulin treatment results in improved conductance but only for the duration of treatment and control levels of conductance are never restored
  • no conductance improvement is seen in mice over 23 weeks in age due to insulin treatment
• abnormal nervous system morphology (MGI Ref ID J:6323)
• abnormal axon morphology (MGI Ref ID J:6323)
  • non significant shift toward smaller fiber diameter at 15 weeks of age
  • significantly shifted to smaller diameter fibers by 25 weeks in ventral roots, dorsal roots, sural nerve
  • smaller diameter nerve fibers in peroneal, phrenic and vagus nerves at 25 weeks but not significant
  • small numbers of very large unmyelinated fibers (up to 1.6 micrometers)
  • shift of unmyelinated fibers to smaller diameters
• abnormal myelin sheath morphology (MGI Ref ID J:6323)
  • number of myelin lamellae relative to nerve diameter is increased
• abnormal axon outgrowth (MGI Ref ID J:112680)
  • axonal growth cone extension fails to occur for neurons treated in culture with 100ng/ml of leptin
• decreased motor neuron number (MGI Ref ID J:6323)
  • myelinated fibers reduced in numbers at 25 weeks in the sural nerve
  • unmyelinated fibers reduced in numbers at 25 weeks in the vagus nerve
  • myelinated fiber density increases in most nerves (not the peroneal and phrenic nerves)
  • unmyelinated fiber density increase in the sural, peroneal, and vagus nerves
• behavior/neurological phenotype
• abnormal circadian rhythm (MGI Ref ID J:91813)
  • daily locomotor pattern becomes attenuated in 6-8 week old mice but rhythmicity is retained
  • daily locomotor activity rhythmicity severely diminished at 13-14 weeks, 75% fail to show significant rhythmicity
  • daily locomotor rhythmicity restored by feeding restriction during dark phase
• abnormal food intake (MGI Ref ID J:43162)
  • food intake is about 60% of control level
• abnormal learning/memory/conditioning (MGI Ref ID J:109401)
• abnormal spatial learning (MGI Ref ID J:109401)
  • longer swimming distances than control mice in a Morris water maze test
• abnormal spatial reference memory (MGI Ref ID J:109401)
  • cross the original platform location less frequently than do controls in a Morris water maze test
• vision/eye phenotype
• abnormal eye electrophysiology (MGI Ref ID J:103714)
  • prolonged latency of the b-wave in the retina
  • delays in oscillatory potentials 1, 2, 3 although only the delay in "OP1" is significant
• digestive/alimentary phenotype
• increased glucagon secretion (MGI Ref ID J:6264)
  • increased secreation of glucagon by pancreatic cells in culture
• endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
• increased glucagon secretion (MGI Ref ID J:6264)
  • increased secreation of glucagon by pancreatic cells in culture
• cardiovascular system phenotype
• abnormal myocardial fiber morphology (MGI Ref ID J:6115)
  • presence of many lipid droplets
  • dense bodies present in places normally occupied by mitochondria
  • disrupted sarcomeres sometimes
• abnormal vascular development (MGI Ref ID J:6115)
  • dense bodies found in the smooth muscle of intramyocardial arteries
• muscle phenotype
• abnormal myocardial fiber morphology (MGI Ref ID J:6115)
  • presence of many lipid droplets
  • dense bodies present in places normally occupied by mitochondria
  • disrupted sarcomeres sometimes

Lepr^db/Lepr^db

        BKS.Cg-m +/+ Lepr^db/OlaHsd

• digestive/alimentary phenotype
• abnormal digestive system physiology (MGI Ref ID J:124815)
  • transepithelial resistance in the epithelium is reduced, indictive of a disrupted mucosal barrier function
• abnormal intestinal epithelium morphology (MGI Ref ID J:124815)
  • reduced levels of occludin in intestinal sections
  • zonula occludens 1 has a discontinuous distribution
• immune system phenotype
• abnormal acute inflammation (MGI Ref ID J:124815)
  • higher levels of endotoxin are found in portal blood (entotoxemia)
• increased susceptibility to endotoxin shock (MGI Ref ID J:124815)
  • increased succeptibility of hepatic stellate cells to LPS
• abnormal chemokine secretion (MGI Ref ID J:124815)
  • increased release of monocyte chemo attractant protein by hepatic stellate cells
• increased interleukin-6 secretion (MGI Ref ID J:124815)
  • increased release by hepatic stellate cells
• liver inflammation (MGI Ref ID J:124815)
• liver/biliary system phenotype
• liver inflammation (MGI Ref ID J:124815)

Lepr^db/Lepr^db

        involves: 129S2/SvPas * C57BL/6 * C57BLKS/J

• renal/urinary system phenotype
• abnormal kidney morphology (MGI Ref ID J:127478)
  • total kidney collagen is increased in females by 96%
• abnormal renal glomerulus morphology (MGI Ref ID J:127478)
  • glomerular extracellular matrix (ECM) area in females is increased by 31% compared to wild-type female controls and female single Serpine1-deficient animals; however, when expressed as fractional glomerular ECM area, little difference is observed between any genotype

View Research Applications

Research Applications

This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:

Diabetes and Obesity Research
Hyperglycemia (transient)
Type 2 Diabetes (NIDDM) (transient)

Lepr^db related

Diabetes and Obesity Research
Hyperinsulinemia
Impaired Wound Healing
Insulin Resistance
Obesity With Diabetes

Endocrine Deficiency Research
Adipose Defects
Hypothalamus/Pituitary Defects
Pancreas Defects

Immunology and Inflammation Research
Immunodeficiency Associated with Other Defects

Internal/Organ Research
Adipose Defects

Metabolism Research

Mouse/Human Gene Homologs
obesity, morbid, with hypogonadism (rare)

Reproductive Biology Research
Fertility Defects

m related

Dermatology Research
Color and White Spotting Defects

Genes & Alleles

Gene & Allele Information

Genotyping

Genotyping Information

Genotyping Protocols

Lepr^db, PYRO, vers. 2
Lepr^db, REST, vers. 1
m (Misty), STD PCR, vers. 1

Helpful Links

Optimizing PCR Protocols

References

References

Additional References

Bahary N; Leibel RL; Joseph L; Friedman JM. 1990. Molecular mapping of the mouse db mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87(21):8642-6. [PubMed: 1978328]  [MGI Ref ID J:10819]

Barinaga M. 1996. Researchers nail down leptin receptor [news; comment] Science 271(5251):913. [PubMed: 8584929]  [MGI Ref ID J:31488]

Chen H; Charlat O; Tartaglia LA; Woolf EA; Weng X; Ellis SJ; Lakey ND; Culpepper J; Moore KJ; Breitbart RE; Duyk GM; Tepper RI; Morgenstern JP. 1996. Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice. Cell 84(3):491-5. [PubMed: 8608603]  [MGI Ref ID J:31324]

Chua SC Jr; Chung WK; Wu-Peng XS; Zhang Y; Liu SM; Tartaglia L; Leibel RL. 1996. Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor [see comments] Science 271(5251):994-6. [PubMed: 8584938]  [MGI Ref ID J:31419]

Coleman DL. 1978. Obese and diabetes: two mutant genes causing diabetes-obesity syndromes in mice. Diabetologia 14(3):141-8. [PubMed: 350680]  [MGI Ref ID J:5986]

Coleman DL; Hummel KP. 1973. The influence of genetic background on the expression of the obese (Ob) gene in the mouse. Diabetologia 9(4):287-93. [PubMed: 4588246]  [MGI Ref ID J:5400]

Fiedorek FT Jr; Kay ES. 1994. Mapping of PCR-based markers for mouse chromosome 4 on a backcross penetrant for the misty (m) mutation. Mamm Genome 5(8):479-85. [PubMed: 7949731]  [MGI Ref ID J:20039]

Hummel KP; Dickie MM; Coleman DL. 1966. Diabetes, a new mutation in the mouse. Science 153(740):1127-8. [PubMed: 5918576]  [MGI Ref ID J:5010]

Leiter EH; Chapman HD. 1994. Obesity-induced diabetes (diabesity) in C57BL/KsJ mice produces aberrant trans-regulation of sex steroid sulfotransferase genes. J Clin Invest 93(5):2007-13. [PubMed: 8182132]  [MGI Ref ID J:17991]

Leiter EH; Chapman HD; Coleman DL. 1989. The influence of genetic background on the expression of mutations at the diabetes locus in the mouse. V. Interaction between the db gene and hepatic sex steroid sulfotransferases correlates with gender-dependent susceptibility to hyperglycemia. Endocrinology 124(2):912-22. [PubMed: 2912706]  [MGI Ref ID J:26013]

Sviderskaya EV; Novak EK; Swank RT; Bennett DC. 1998. The murine misty mutation: phenotypic effects on melanocytes, platelets and brown fat. Genetics 148(1):381-90. [PubMed: 9475748]  [MGI Ref ID J:45425]

Trayhurn P. 1979. Thermoregulation in the diabetic-obese (db/db) mouse. The role of non-shivering thermogenesis in energy balance. Pflugers Arch 380(3):227-32. [PubMed: 573463]  [MGI Ref ID J:6202]

Truett GE; Tempelman RJ; Walker JA; Wilson JK. 1998. Misty (m) affects growth traits. Am J Physiol 275(1 Pt 2):R29-32. [PubMed: 9688956]  [MGI Ref ID J:48831]

Lepr^db related

Aasum E; Hafstad AD; Severson DL; Larsen TS. 2003. Age-dependent changes in metabolism, contractile function, and ischemic sensitivity in hearts from db/db mice. Diabetes 52(2):434-41. [PubMed: 12540618]  [MGI Ref ID J:107138]

Adkison DL; Sundberg JP. 1991. Lipomatous hamartomas and choristomas in inbred laboratory mice. Vet Pathol 28(4):305-12. [PubMed: 1949510]  [MGI Ref ID J:2714]

Ahima RS; Prabakaran D; Flier JS. 1998. Postnatal leptin surge and regulation of circadian rhythm of leptin by feeding. Implications for energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine function. J Clin Invest 101(5):1020-7. [PubMed: 9486972]  [MGI Ref ID J:118976]

Akpinar P; Kuwajima S; Krutzfeldt J; Stoffel M. 2005. Tmem27: a cleaved and shed plasma membrane protein that stimulates pancreatic beta cell proliferation. Cell Metab 2(6):385-97. [PubMed: 16330324]  [MGI Ref ID J:129667]

Al-Mashat HA; Kandru S; Liu R; Behl Y; Desta T; Graves DT. 2006. Diabetes enhances mRNA levels of proapoptotic genes and caspase activity, which contribute to impaired healing. Diabetes 55(2):487-95. [PubMed: 16443785]  [MGI Ref ID J:106866]

Alberts P; Nilsson C; Selen G; Engblom LO; Edling NH; Norling S; Klingstrom G; Larsson C; Forsgren M; Ashkzari M; Nilsson CE; Fiedler M; Bergqvist E; Ohman B; Bjorkstrand E; Abrahmsen LB. 2003. Selective inhibition of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 improves hepatic insulin sensitivity in hyperglycemic mice strains. Endocrinology 144(11):4755-62. [PubMed: 12960099]  [MGI Ref ID J:87239]

Altomonte J; Cong L; Harbaran S; Richter A; Xu J; Meseck M; Dong HH. 2004. Foxo1 mediates insulin action on apoC-III and triglyceride metabolism. J Clin Invest 114(10):1493-503. [PubMed: 15546000]  [MGI Ref ID J:94423]

Anzawa R; Bernard M; Tamareille S; Baetz D; Confort-Gouny S; Gascard JP; Cozzone P; Feuvray D. 2006. Intracellular sodium increase and susceptibility to ischaemia in hearts from type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Diabetologia 49(3):598-606. [PubMed: 16425033]  [MGI Ref ID J:107891]

Aoki K; Saito T; Satoh S; Mukasa K; Kaneshiro M; Kawasaki S; Okamura A; Sekihara H. 1999. Dehydroepiandrosterone suppresses the elevated hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activities in C57BL/Ksj-db/db mice: comparison with troglitazone. Diabetes 48(8):1579-85. [PubMed: 10426376]  [MGI Ref ID J:56421]

Ariyasu H; Takaya K; Hosoda H; Iwakura H; Ebihara K; Mori K; Ogawa Y; Hosoda K; Akamizu T; Kojima M; Kangawa K; Nakao K. 2002. Delayed short-term secretory regulation of ghrelin in obese animals: evidenced by a specific RIA for the active form of ghrelin. Endocrinology 143(9):3341-50. [PubMed: 12193546]  [MGI Ref ID J:81463]

Asai J; Takenaka H; Kusano KF; Ii M; Luedemann C; Curry C; Eaton E; Iwakura A; Tsutsumi Y; Hamada H; Kishimoto S; Thorne T; Kishore R; Losordo DW. 2006. Topical sonic hedgehog gene therapy accelerates wound healing in diabetes by enhancing endothelial progenitor cell-mediated microvascular remodeling. Circulation 113(20):2413-24. [PubMed: 16702471]  [MGI Ref ID J:122447]

Atkinson RD; Coenen KR; Plummer MR; Gruen ML; Hasty AH. 2008. Macrophage-derived apolipoprotein E ameliorates dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in obese apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294(2):E284-90. [PubMed: 18029445]  [MGI Ref ID J:133332]

Baba M; Wada J; Eguchi J; Hashimoto I; Okada T; Yasuhara A; Shikata K; Kanwar YS; Makino H. 2005. Galectin-9 inhibits glomerular hypertrophy in db/db diabetic mice via cell-cycle-dependent mechanisms. J Am Soc Nephrol 16(11):3222-34. [PubMed: 16177004]  [MGI Ref ID J:116853]

Bagi Z; Erdei N; Toth A; Li W; Hintze TH; Koller A; Kaley G. 2005. Type 2 diabetic mice have increased arteriolar tone and blood pressure: enhanced release of COX-2-derived constrictor prostaglandins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25(8):1610-6. [PubMed: 15947245]  [MGI Ref ID J:114331]

Bagi Z; Koller A; Kaley G. 2004. PPARgamma activation, by reducing oxidative stress, increases NO bioavailability in coronary arterioles of mice with Type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 286(2):H742-8. [PubMed: 14551045]  [MGI Ref ID J:87610]

Bahary N; Leibel RL; Joseph L; Friedman JM. 1990. Molecular mapping of the mouse db mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87(21):8642-6. [PubMed: 1978328]  [MGI Ref ID J:10819]

Balthasar N; Coppari R; McMinn J; Liu SM; Lee CE; Tang V; Kenny CD; McGovern RA; Chua SC Jr; Elmquist JK; Lowell BB. 2004. Leptin receptor signaling in POMC neurons is required for normal body weight homeostasis. Neuron 42(6):983-91. [PubMed: 15207242]  [MGI Ref ID J:106354]

Barile GR; Pachydaki SI; Tari SR; Lee SE; Donmoyer CM; Ma W; Rong LL; Buciarelli LG; Wendt T; Horig H; Hudson BI; Qu W; Weinberg AD; Yan SF; Schmidt AM. 2005. The RAGE axis in early diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46(8):2916-24. [PubMed: 16043866]  [MGI Ref ID J:103714]

Barinaga M. 1996. Researchers nail down leptin receptor [news; comment] Science 271(5251):913. [PubMed: 8584929]  [MGI Ref ID J:31488]

Barouch LA; Berkowitz DE; Harrison RW; O'Donnell CP; Hare JM. 2003. Disruption of leptin signaling contributes to cardiac hypertrophy independently of body weight in mice. Circulation 108(6):754-9. [PubMed: 12885755]  [MGI Ref ID J:103063]

Barouch LA; Gao D; Chen L; Miller KL; Xu W; Phan AC; Kittleson MM; Minhas KM; Berkowitz DE; Wei C; Hare JM. 2006. Cardiac myocyte apoptosis is associated with increased DNA damage and decreased survival in murine models of obesity. Circ Res 98(1):119-24. [PubMed: 16339484]  [MGI Ref ID J:118064]

Bates SH; Dundon TA; Seifert M; Carlson M; Maratos-Flier E; Myers MG Jr. 2004. LRb-STAT3 signaling is required for the neuroendocrine regulation of energy expenditure by leptin. Diabetes 53(12):3067-73. [PubMed: 15561935]  [MGI Ref ID J:94585]

Bates SH; Kulkarni RN; Seifert M; Myers MG Jr. 2005. Roles for leptin receptor/STAT3-dependent and -independent signals in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Cell Metab 1(3):169-78. [PubMed: 16054060]  [MGI Ref ID J:129847]

Bates SH; Stearns WH; Dundon TA; Schubert M; Tso AW; Wang Y; Banks AS; Lavery HJ; Haq AK; Maratos-Flier E; Neel BG; Schwartz MW; Myers MG Jr. 2003. STAT3 signalling is required for leptin regulation of energy balance but not reproduction. Nature 421(6925):856-9. [PubMed: 12594516]  [MGI Ref ID J:82334]

Batra A; Pietsch J; Fedke I; Glauben R; Okur B; Stroh T; Zeitz M; Siegmund B. 2007. Leptin-dependent toll-like receptor expression and responsiveness in preadipocytes and adipocytes. Am J Pathol 170(6):1931-41. [PubMed: 17525261]  [MGI Ref ID J:122150]

Baumgart J; Wisniewski HG; Amlacher R; Zhukovskaya NV; Rentz E. 1989. Age-dependent antileukemic action and suppression of immune response by 1,4-benzoquinone-guanylhydrazone-thiosemicarbazone (ambazone) in mice. Neoplasma 36(4):393-400. [PubMed: 2770926]  [MGI Ref ID J:27903]

Begin-Heick N. 1992. Alpha-subunits of Gs and Gi in adipocyte plasma membranes of genetically diabetic (db/db) mice. Am J Physiol 263(1 Pt 1):C121-9. [PubMed: 1322037]  [MGI Ref ID J:2110]

Begin-Heick N. 1994. Liver beta-adrenergic receptors, G proteins, and adenylyl cyclase activity in obesity-diabetes syndromes. Am J Physiol 266(6 Pt 1):C1664-72. [PubMed: 8023896]  [MGI Ref ID J:18963]

Belke DD; Larsen TS; Gibbs EM; Severson DL. 2001. Glucose metabolism in perfused mouse hearts overexpressing human GLUT-4 glucose transporter. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280(3):E420-7. [PubMed: 11171596]  [MGI Ref ID J:134584]

Belmadani S; Palen DI; Gonzalez-Villalobos RA; Boulares HA; Matrougui K. 2008. Elevated epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation induces resistance artery dysfunction in diabetic db/db mice. Diabetes 57(6):1629-37. [PubMed: 18319304]  [MGI Ref ID J:136927]

Berk PD; Zhou S; Kiang C; Stump DD; Fan X; Bradbury MW. 1999. Selective up-regulation of fatty acid uptake by adipocytes characterizes both genetic and diet-induced obesity in rodents. J Biol Chem 274(40):28626-31. [PubMed: 10497230]  [MGI Ref ID J:57965]

Bjorbaek C; Elmquist JK; Frantz JD; Shoelson SE; Flier JS. 1998. Identification of SOCS-3 as a potential mediator of central leptin resistance. Mol Cell 1(4):619-25. [PubMed: 9660946]  [MGI Ref ID J:119803]

Bodary PF; Shen Y; Ohman M; Bahrou KL; Vargas FB; Cudney SS; Wickenheiser KJ; Myers MG Jr; Eitzman DT. 2007. Leptin regulates neointima formation after arterial injury through mechanisms independent of blood pressure and the leptin receptor/STAT3 signaling pathways involved in energy balance. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27(1):70-6. [PubMed: 17095713]  [MGI Ref ID J:135034]

Boillot D; Assan R; Dardenne M; Debray-Sachs M; Bach JF. 1986. T-lymphopenia and T-cell imbalance in diabetic db/db mice. Diabetes 35(2):198-203. [PubMed: 3510925]  [MGI Ref ID J:109948]

Botusan IR; Sunkari VG; Savu O; Catrina AI; Grunler J; Lindberg S; Pereira T; Yla-Herttuala S; Poellinger L; Brismar K; Catrina SB. 2008. Stabilization of HIF-1alpha is critical to improve wound healing in diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(49):19426-31. [PubMed: 19057015]  [MGI Ref ID J:142033]

Bouchard G; Johnson D; Carver T; Paigen B; Carey MC. 2002. Cholesterol gallstone formation in overweight mice establishes that obesity per se is not linked directly to cholelithiasis risk. J Lipid Res 43(7):1105-13. [PubMed: 12091495]  [MGI Ref ID J:88773]

Boudina S; Sena S; Theobald H; Sheng X; Wright JJ; Hu XX; Aziz S; Johnson JI; Bugger H; Zaha VG; Abel ED. 2007. Mitochondrial energetics in the heart in obesity-related diabetes: direct evidence for increased uncoupled respiration and activation of uncoupling proteins. Diabetes 56(10):2457-66. [PubMed: 17623815]  [MGI Ref ID J:126567]

Brem H; Tomic-Canic M; Entero H; Hanflik AM; Wang VM; Fallon JT; Ehrlich HP. 2007. The synergism of age and db/db genotype impairs wound healing. Exp Gerontol 42(6):523-31. [PubMed: 17275236]  [MGI Ref ID J:123188]

Brezniceanu ML; Liu F; Wei CC; Chenier I; Godin N; Zhang SL; Filep JG; Ingelfinger JR; Chan JS. 2008. Attenuation of interstitial fibrosis and tubular apoptosis in db/db transgenic mice overexpressing catalase in renal proximal tubular cells. Diabetes 57(2):451-9. [PubMed: 17977949]  [MGI Ref ID J:132449]

Brown RL; Breeden MP; Greenhalgh DG. 1994. PDGF and TGF-alpha act synergistically to improve wound healing in the genetically diabetic mouse. J Surg Res 56(6):562-70. [PubMed: 8015312]  [MGI Ref ID J:19344]

Brun P; Castagliuolo I; Leo VD; Buda A; Pinzani M; Palu G; Martines D. 2007. Increased intestinal permeability in obese mice: new evidence in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292(2):G518-25. [PubMed: 17023554]  [MGI Ref ID J:124815]

Buettner C; Pocai A; Muse ED; Etgen AM; Myers MG Jr; Rossetti L. 2006. Critical role of STAT3 in leptin's metabolic actions. Cell Metab 4(1):49-60. [PubMed: 16814732]  [MGI Ref ID J:129709]

Bunger L; Forsting J; McDonald KL; Horvat S; Duncan J; Hochscheid S; Baile CA; Hill WG; Speakman JR. 2003. Long-term divergent selection on fatness in mice indicates a regulation system independent of leptin production and reception. FASEB J 17(1):85-7. [PubMed: 12424222]  [MGI Ref ID J:118012]

Busso N; So A; Chobaz-Peclat V; Morard C; Martinez-Soria E; Talabot-Ayer D; Gabay C. 2002. Leptin signaling deficiency impairs humoral and cellular immune responses and attenuates experimental arthritis. J Immunol 168(2):875-82. [PubMed: 11777985]  [MGI Ref ID J:73743]

Calvert JW; Gundewar S; Jha S; Greer JJ; Bestermann WH; Tian R; Lefer DJ. 2008. Acute metformin therapy confers cardioprotection against myocardial infarction via AMPK-eNOS-mediated signaling. Diabetes 57(3):696-705. [PubMed: 18083782]  [MGI Ref ID J:132319]

Carley AN; Severson DL. 2005. Fatty acid metabolism is enhanced in type 2 diabetic hearts. Biochim Biophys Acta 1734(2):112-26. [PubMed: 15904868]  [MGI Ref ID J:99066]

Chaput E; Saladin R; Silvestre M; Edgar AD. 2000. Fenofibrate and rosiglitazone lower serum triglycerides with opposing effects on body weight. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 271(2):445-50. [PubMed: 10799317]  [MGI Ref ID J:62209]

Chen H; Charlat O; Tartaglia LA; Woolf EA; Weng X; Ellis SJ; Lakey ND; Culpepper J; Moore KJ; Breitbart RE; Duyk GM; Tepper RI; Morgenstern JP. 1996. Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice. Cell 84(3):491-5. [PubMed: 8608603]  [MGI Ref ID J:31324]

Chen HC; Stone SJ; Zhou P; Buhman KK; Farese RV Jr. 2002. Dissociation of obesity and impaired glucose disposal in mice overexpressing acyl coenzyme a:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 in white adipose tissue. Diabetes 51(11):3189-95. [PubMed: 12401709]  [MGI Ref ID J:107180]

Cheng KK; Lam KS; Wang Y; Huang Y; Carling D; Wu D; Wong C; Xu A. 2007. Adiponectin-induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and nitric oxide production are mediated by APPL1 in endothelial cells. Diabetes 56(5):1387-94. [PubMed: 17287464]  [MGI Ref ID J:122100]

Cheung W; Yu PX; Little BM; Cone RD; Marks DL; Mak RH. 2005. Role of leptin and melanocortin signaling in uremia-associated cachexia. J Clin Invest 115(6):1659-65. [PubMed: 15931394]  [MGI Ref ID J:99198]

Chiellini C; Costa M; Novelli SE; Amri EZ; Benzi L; Bertacca A; Cohen P; Del Prato S; Friedman JM; Maffei M. 2003. Identification of cathepsin K as a novel marker of adiposity in white adipose tissue. J Cell Physiol 195(2):309-21. [PubMed: 12652657]  [MGI Ref ID J:106181]

Chin M; Isono M; Isshiki K; Araki S; Sugimoto T; Guo B; Sato H; Haneda M; Kashiwagi A; Koya D. 2005. Estrogen and Raloxifene, a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, Ameliorate Renal Damage in db/db Mice. Am J Pathol 166(6):1629-36. [PubMed: 15920148]  [MGI Ref ID J:98819]

Choe SS; Choi AH; Lee JW; Kim KH; Chung JJ; Park J; Lee KM; Park KG; Lee IK; Kim JB. 2007. Chronic activation of liver X receptor induces beta-cell apoptosis through hyperactivation of lipogenesis: liver X receptor-mediated lipotoxicity in pancreatic beta-cells. Diabetes 56(6):1534-43. [PubMed: 17369526]  [MGI Ref ID J:126465]

Choo HJ; Kim JH; Kwon OB; Lee CS; Mun JY; Han SS; Yoon YS; Yoon G; Choi KM; Ko YG. 2006. Mitochondria are impaired in the adipocytes of type 2 diabetic mice. Diabetologia 49(4):784-91. [PubMed: 16501941]  [MGI Ref ID J:107887]

Chu KY; Lau T; Carlsson PO; Leung PS. 2006. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade improves beta-cell function and glucose tolerance in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 55(2):367-74. [PubMed: 16443769]  [MGI Ref ID J:106880]

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