Mammalian Phenotype Terms assigned by genotype
Cacng2stg/Cacng2stg
B6C3Fe a/a-Cacng2stg/J
- behavior/neurological phenotype
- decreased startle reflex
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- mutants lack the acoustic startle reflex (ASR), but startle reflex to somatic sensory stimuli such as air puffs is intact
- decreased vertical activity
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- hyperactivity
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- in photocell activity chambers, mutants display 3-4-fold higher activity compared to control mice while vestibular toxin-treated controls have 10-fold increased activity
- impaired coordination
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- mutants can only stay on the grid for 60 seconds, coinciding with the turn to 90 degrees, in a cling test; control mice can hang on to the grid for ~180 seconds, including complete inversion of the grid
- in the rotarod test, mutants and drug-treated control mice fall off the rod immediately, often before it begins to move, whereas normal controls can walk for ~the full 5 minute test period
- impaired righting response
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- when mice are dropped supine from height of 50 cm, mutants show poor air-righting performance, whereas control mice land on their feet ~100% of the time and toxin-treated normal controls land feet-first on ~50% of tests
- when placed inside a tube and inverted to supine position, mutants remain inverted for duration (60 s) of test whereas controls right themselves within a few seconds
- after 30 minutes of intermittent horizontal rotation, control mice display a significant decrease in spontaneous movement, but mutants do not show a decrease
- impaired swimming
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- mutants cannot keep their heads above water during swimming and rapidly begin a spiraling motion underwater and drown if not rescued
- stereotypic behavior
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- stereotypic behaviors like circling or abnormal head movements, are evident in all mutants at 2-3 weeks of age, and persist throughout observation period (>1 year)
- circling
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- in open field test, mice exhibit circling to the left or right; controls do not while in vestibular toxin-treated normal controls, circling is exacerbated compared to mutants
- head bobbing
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- in open field tests, mutants display rapid vertical bobbing head movements
- head shaking
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- mice show rapid sideways wagging movements of the head during open field tests
- head tossing
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- mice show occasional episodes of exaggerated and sustained, elevation of the head, resembling retrocollis, during open field observations
- hearing/vestibular/ear phenotype
- abnormal brainstem auditory evoked potential
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- ABR thresholds for click as a stimulus are normal, with a trend toward increased thresholds for 8 and 16 kHz tone stimuli in mutants (not reaching significance, though)
- abnormal crista ampullaris morphology
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- crista show a reduction density of hair cells compared to controls
- abnormal vestibular hair cell morphology
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- vacuole-like defects measuring 15-25 um are seen in the vestibular epithelium
- cells are disorganized in sensory epithelium; some supporting cell nuclei lose contact with the basement membrane and occupy locations higher in the epithelium
- abnormal type I vestibular cell
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- afferent nerve calyces surrounding type I hair cells lack the fullness and rich mitochondrial content seen in controls; large vacuole-like defects appear to be localized inside afferent calyces
- these vacuoles are surrounded by normal but small and crowded mitochondria and contain scanty debris like cytosol or mitochondria
- circling
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- in open field test, mice exhibit circling to the left or right; controls do not while in vestibular toxin-treated normal controls, circling is exacerbated compared to mutants
- decreased startle reflex
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- mutants lack the acoustic startle reflex (ASR), but startle reflex to somatic sensory stimuli such as air puffs is intact
- head bobbing
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- in open field tests, mutants display rapid vertical bobbing head movements
- head shaking
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- mice show rapid sideways wagging movements of the head during open field tests
- head tossing
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- mice show occasional episodes of exaggerated and sustained, elevation of the head, resembling retrocollis, during open field observations
- nervous system phenotype
- abnormal CNS synapse formation
(MGI Ref ID J:116541)
- synaptic size appears smaller
- decreased CNS synapse formation
(MGI Ref ID J:116541)
- mutants have lower synaptic density in the cerebellar cortex; there are 25% fewer synapses compared to wild type
- abnormal Purkinje cell innervation
(MGI Ref ID J:116541)
- there are more parallel fiber- Purkinje spine synapses with smaller presynsaptic terminal compared to the postsynaptic spine
- there is a 43% reduction in the mean area of the presynaptic terminals in mutants
- synaptic profile in wild type shows >80% of synapses having larger parallel fiber varicosities than postsynaptic Purkinje cell spines, while in mutants there is ~equal distribution of synapses with larger parallel fiber area than postsynaptic Purkinje cell spine, those with equal pre- and postsynaptic areas, or with smaller parallel fiber varicosity than the postsynaptic Purkinje cell spine
- abnormal brain wave pattern
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- saline-treated mutants display frequent abnormal polyspike discharges in the EEG; however, these do not correlate temporally with dyskinetic behaviors
- after nifedipine treatment, polyspike discharges are increased while reducing dyskinesia scores in mutants; an inverse relationship is observed
- abnormal synaptic vesicle morphology
(MGI Ref ID J:116541)
- presynaptic vesicles are less dense compared to wild type
- abnormal synaptic vesicle number
(MGI Ref ID J:116541)
- presynaptic vesicles are reduced in number
- there are fewer docked vesicles and fewer vesicles adjacent to the active zone ready to dock in mutants than in wild type
- abnormal vestibular hair cell morphology
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- vacuole-like defects measuring 15-25 um are seen in the vestibular epithelium
- cells are disorganized in sensory epithelium; some supporting cell nuclei lose contact with the basement membrane and occupy locations higher in the epithelium
- abnormal type I vestibular cell
(MGI Ref ID J:91987)
- afferent nerve calyces surrounding type I hair cells lack the fullness and rich mitochondrial content seen in controls; large vacuole-like defects appear to be localized inside afferent calyces
- these vacuoles are surrounded by normal but small and crowded mitochondria and contain scanty debris like cytosol or mitochondria
Cacng2stg/Cacng2stg
B6C3Fe a/a-Cacng2stg
- growth/size phenotype
- decreased body size
(MGI Ref ID J:11008)
- at 14 days, mutants are smaller than wild type littermates
- behavior/neurological phenotype
- absence seizures
(MGI Ref ID J:15527)
- adults exhibit spontaneous spike-wave seizures; seizures do not appear to increase in mean duration or mean incidence with age
- ataxia
(MGI Ref ID J:11008)
- homozygotes can be identified at 14 days by mildly ataxic gait
- males are usually more severely affected than females
- head tossing
(MGI Ref ID J:11008)
- at 1 month of age, mice display abnormal head movements both at rest and during activity; frequency of movements increase progressively with age
- movement resembles choreiform head tossing; mice elevate heads vertically and maintain an upward gaze for several seconds
- males are usually more severely affected than females
- impaired swimming
(MGI Ref ID J:11008)
- mice show severe disturbances in righting reflex during swimming, with wild underwater tumbling motions
- nervous system phenotype
- abnormal CNS synapse formation
(MGI Ref ID J:15527)
- the ectopic terminals that are seen do not appear to form synapses with dendrites of basket or granule cells
- abnormal brain wave pattern
(MGI Ref ID J:11008)
- electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings from young adults display prolonged high-amplitue (500uV-1mV), bilaterally symmetrical discharges from neocortex, accompanied by behavioral immobility for the duration of the discharge
- paroxysmal spike bursts show 6-7 spikes/second frequencies, with discharge durations of 1-66 seconds; mean rate or discharge activity is 125/hr
- adults show highly reproducible pattern of spontaneous bilaterally symmetrical 6-7/second spike-wave discharges in cortical and hippocampal regions
- seizure rate ranges from 43-209 discharges/hour with durations ranging from 1-66 seconds with a mean of 4-6 seconds
- patterned spike-wave synchronous discharges represent ~20% of total EEG activity in adult mice
- no spike-wave discharges are recorded in P15 mice but are always present by P18; discharges in immature animals can display slightly slower spike frequency (4-5/sec) but are identical to those seen in adults
- abnormal hippocampal mossy fiber morphology
(MGI Ref ID J:15527)
- abnormal innervation
(MGI Ref ID J:15527)
- mutants show dense mossy fiber staining along the full extent of the dentate gyrus inner molecular layer whereas wild type show no staining; this is consistently observed in mutants compared to wild type
- a 48% increase in density of staining is seen within the inner molecular layer-granular cell layer of adult mutants
- no mossy fiber sprouting is observed prior to seizure onset (at P15), but progressively increasing staining specific for mossy fibers is observed from P30-6 months of age
- abnormal neurogenesis
(MGI Ref ID J:15527)
- sprouting of mossy fibers in inner molecular layer and granular cell layer of dentate gyrus increases in mutants compared to wild type
- absence seizures
(MGI Ref ID J:15527)
- adults exhibit spontaneous spike-wave seizures; seizures do not appear to increase in mean duration or mean incidence with age
- loss of hippocampal neurons
(MGI Ref ID J:15527)
- neuronal density of hilar neurons in hippocampus is reduced by 16% in adult mutants compared to wild type; this difference only becomes apparent after onset of seizure activity (P17<)
- reproductive system phenotype
- male infertility
(MGI Ref ID J:11008)
- hearing/vestibular/ear phenotype
- head tossing
(MGI Ref ID J:11008)
- at 1 month of age, mice display abnormal head movements both at rest and during activity; frequency of movements increase progressively with age
- movement resembles choreiform head tossing; mice elevate heads vertically and maintain an upward gaze for several seconds
- males are usually more severely affected than females
The following phenotype information may relate to a genetic background differing from this JAX® Mice strain.
Cacng2stg/Cacng2stg
involves: A/J * C3HeB/FeJ * C57BL/6J
- nervous system phenotype
- *normal* nervous system phenotype
(MGI Ref ID J:121463)
- synaptic electrophysiology including neurotransmitter release and end plate potentials, as well as responses to channel inhibitors is not different from wild-type NMJs
- abnormal CNS synaptic transmission
(MGI Ref ID J:106959)
- peak current densities of low voltage-activated (LVA) calcium channels in thalamocortical neurons at membrane potential of -50 mV are increased by 45% compared to control
- peak current densities of high voltage calcium channels (HVA) in TC neurons are increased compared to wild type
- abnormal motor neuron morphology
(MGI Ref ID J:121463)
- fiber diameter at diaphragm NMJs (14.2 um) is slightly reduced compared with wild-type (15.8 um)
- abnormal neuromuscular synapse morphology
(MGI Ref ID J:121463)
- neuromuscular junction area (area staining for acetylcholine receptors) in ~25% smaller relative to wild-type mice (333 um2 vs 446 um2)
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