Strain Name:

CB17;HPG-Prkdcscid Gnrh1hpg/Bm

Stock Number:

002038

Availability:

Research Strain

Description

Strain Information

Former Names CB17;HPG-Prkdcscid Gnrh2hpg/Bm    (Changed: 27-FEB-06 )
CB17;HPG-Prkdcscid Gnrhhpg/Bm    (Changed: 08-JUL-05 )
Type Mutant Strain;
Additional information on Genetically Engineered Mutant Mice.
Specieslaboratory mouse
GenerationN2F32 (06-OCT-08)

Description
Mice homozygous for the severe combined immune deficiency spontaneous mutation (Prkdcscid, commonly referred to as scid) are characterized by an absence of functional T cells and B cells, lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and a normal hematopoietic microenvironment. Normal antigen-presenting cell, myeloid and NK cell functions are strain dependent. scid mice carry a DNA repair defect and a defect in the rearrangement of genes that code for antigen-specific receptors on lymphocytes. Most homozygotes have no detectable IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, or IgA. Thymus, lymph nodes, and splenic follicles are virtually devoid of lymphocytes. scid mice accept allogeneic and xenogeneic grafts making them an ideal model for cell transfer experiments. Some scid mice will spontaneously develop partial immune reactivity. scid mice that have serum Ig levels greater than 1 ug/ml are considered "leaky." scid leakiness is highly strain dependent, increases with age, and is higher in mice housed under non SPF conditions. In general, scid leakiness is high on the C57BL/6J and BALB/cBy genetic backgrounds, low on the C3H/HeJ background, and even lower on the NOD/LtSz background. Hypogonadal mice (Ghrhhpg) mice are deficient in gonadotropins and gonodal steroids leading to an overall underdevelopment of the reproductive tract. Male mice have a small penis and scrotum and a short ano-genital distance. All male reproductive organs are present but immature. The testes are small and undescended. Spermatogenesis is arrested, usually by the diplotene stage. The vagina of female mice does not open fully, the uterus is thread-like, and the ovaries very small. Both sexes are sterile although fertility can be restored with hormone replacement. Ghrhhpg Prkdcscid double mutant mice are useful for determining endocrine dependence of grafted cells/tissues.

Control Information

  Control
   Untyped from the colony
 
  Considerations for Choosing Controls

Related Strains

Strains carrying   Gnrh1hpg allele
000804   HPG/BmJ
View Strains carrying   Gnrh1hpg     (1 strain)

View Strains carrying   Prkdcscid     (25 strains)

Phenotype

Phenotype Information

View Mammalian Phenotype Terms

Mammalian Phenotype Terms
      assigned by genotype

Prkdcscid/Prkdcscid Gnrh1hpg/Gnrh1hpg

        CB17;HPG-Prkdcscid Gnrh1hpg/Bm
  • tumorigenesis
  • altered tumor susceptibility (MGI Ref ID J:14443)
    • ovaries grafted from (SWR x SWXJ-9)F1, which are prone to granulosa cell tumor generation, do not form granulosa cell tumors in these hypogonadal immunodeficient hosts
    • implanted human prostate adenocarcinoma tissue assessed 3 weeks after transplantation shows two histologic patterns, undifferentiated tumors and tumors that are more differentiated but have few glandular structures, and are smaller and histologically different from the tumors from the same donor transplanted into androgen repleted immunodeficiant hosts
  • homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
  • abnormal circulating protein level (MGI Ref ID J:138840)
    • serum lacks detectable prostate-specific antigen
  • decreased circulating testosterone level (MGI Ref ID J:138840)
    • no detectable serum testosterone
  • digestive/alimentary phenotype
  • small salivary gland (MGI Ref ID J:138840)
  • endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
  • absent seminal gland (MGI Ref ID J:138840)
  • small salivary gland (MGI Ref ID J:138840)
  • liver/biliary system phenotype
  • decreased liver weight (MGI Ref ID J:138840)
  • renal/urinary system phenotype
  • decreased kidney weight (MGI Ref ID J:138840)
  • reproductive system phenotype
  • absent seminal gland (MGI Ref ID J:138840)
View Research Applications

Research Applications
This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:

Cancer Research

Endocrine Deficiency Research
Gonad Defects

Reproductive Biology Research
Endocrine Deficiencies Affecting Gonads

Research Tools
Cancer Research (xenograft/transplant host)
Immunology and Inflammation Research (B and T cell deficiency)

Gnrh1hpg related

Endocrine Deficiency Research
Hypothalamus/Pituitary Defects

Reproductive Biology Research
Developmental Defects Affecting Gonads
Endocrine Deficiencies Affecting Gonads
Fertility Defects (males only)

Prkdcscid related

Immunology and Inflammation Research
Immunodeficiency (B and T cell deficiency)

Internal/Organ Research
Lymphoid Tissue Defects (B and T cell deficiency)

Research Tools
Cancer Research (B and T cell deficiency) (xenograft/transplant host)
Toxicology Research (xenograft/transplant host)

Virology Research
B and T Cell Deficiency (AIDS research tool)

Genes & Alleles

Gene & Allele Information

Allele Symbol Gnrh1hpg
Allele Name hypogonadal
Allele Type Spontaneous
Common Name(s) gnrhhpg; hpg;
Strain of Origin(C3H/HeH x 101/H)F1-Rb(1.3)1Bnr
Gene Symbol and Name Gnrh1, gonadotropin releasing hormone 1
Chromosome 14
Gene Common Name(s) GNRH; GRH; Gnrha; LHRH; LNRH; Rgnrhg1; hpg; hypogonadal;
Molecular Note The mutation in the hypogonadal mouse is an approximately 33.5 kb deletion that removes two exons that encode most of the protein. [MGI Ref ID J:14505] [MGI Ref ID J:8515] [MGI Ref ID J:94662]
 
Allele Symbol Prkdcscid
Allele Name severe combined immunodeficiency
Allele Type Spontaneous
Common Name(s) scid;
Strain of OriginCB17
Gene Symbol and Name Prkdc, protein kinase, DNA activated, catalytic polypeptide
Chromosome 16
Gene Common Name(s) AI326420; AU019811; DNA-PK; DNA-PKcs; DNAPDcs; DNAPK; DNPK1; HYRC; HYRC1; MGC189093; XRCC7; expressed sequence AI326420; expressed sequence AU019811; p350; scid; severe combined immunodeficiency; slip;
General Note The Prkdcscid mutation arose in the C.B-17 inbred strain (BALB/c.C57BL/Ka-Igh-1b) (J:9341). Most homozygotes have no detectable IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, or IgA, but a few have low levels of one to three of these immunoglobulin isotypes. The size of the lymphoid organs is only one-tenth or less that of normal. Thymus, lymph nodes, and splenic follicles are virtually devoid of lymphocytes (J:30980).

Homozygotes are deficient in both B and T cell function. Their spleen cells do not respond to either B or T cell mitogens and they are unable to reject skin grafts. They lack detectable B cells and pre-B cells. In spite of the small thymus and lack of functional T cells, the Thy1 marker is present on a majority of cells recovered from the thymus, and T cell lymphomas occur in 10 per cent or more of affected mice. Prkdcscid specifically impairs differentiation of stem cells into mature lymphocytes. Myeloid cell differentiation is not affected. The basic defect in these mice appears to be in the lymphoid stem cells and not in the cellular environment, since functional T and B cells are found in mice reconstituted with normal bone marrow (J:30980, J:7343). However, full reconstitution of the immune deficiency occurs only after irradiation of the recipients, indicating that Prkdcscid/Prkdcscid mice may have normal numbers of a radiation-sensitive stem cell that has defective proliferative capacity (J:8299).

The rearrangements of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes that normally occur in B and T lymphocytes are not found in homozygous Prkdcscid mice. However, in Abelson leukemia virus-transformed B cells of these mice and in their occasional T cell lymphomas, rearrangements, most of which are abnormal, are found. This suggests that scid may act through an effect on the recombinase system catalyzing the assembly of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes, and that lymphocytes with these defects are not able to develop further (J:8420).

Although most Prkdcscid homozygotes fail to produce immunoglobulin and functional T-cell receptor, some produce these products at low levels, with an occasional mouse with nearly normal levels of serum immunoglobulin, the criterion usually used tomeasure the effects of Prkdcscid. This phenomenon is referred to as "leakiness" of the VDJ recombination defect (J:4610).Homozygous Prkdcscidmice are fertile and, under specific pathogen-free conditions, may survive a year or more(J:6958).

The Prkdcscid mouse has been widely used in studies of the immune system, in particular of VDJ recombination in T and B lymphocytes. Its lack of immunocompetence has made it useful in transplantation studies, particularly transplantation and development of metastasis in human tumors. The interaction of infection, immunity, and disease processes have been studied with these mice. Poole (J:31292) offers a brief review of the nature and usefulness of the Prkdcscid mouse, with key references to the very extensive literature.

Mutant mRNA does not appear to differ from wild-type although protein expression is reduced more than 10-fold. Mutant protein is defective for nuclear association but exhibits normal DNA-binding ability.

NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid B2mtm1Unc mice lack mature lymphocytes and serum Ig, are MHC class I deficient, B and T cell deficient, C-5 deficient (Hc0), and have low NK cells. These mice display accumulation of iron in the liver and rapid clearance of human IgG1.

Molecular Note A T-to-A transversion point mutation at a position corresponding to codon 4095 created a premature stop codon. [MGI Ref ID J:35393] [MGI Ref ID J:39329]

Genotyping

Genotyping Information

Genotyping Protocols

Gnrh1hpg, STD PCR, vers. 2
Prkdcscid, REST, vers. 1

Helpful Links

Optimizing PCR Protocols

References

References

Additional References

Beamer WG; Shultz KL; Tennent BJ; Shultz LD. 1993. Granulosa cell tumorigenesis in genetically hypogonadal-immunodeficient mice grafted with ovaries from tumor-susceptible donors. Cancer Res 53(16):3741-6. [PubMed: 8339285]  [MGI Ref ID J:14443]

Bosma M; Schuler W; Bosma G. 1988. The scid mouse mutant. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 137:197-202. [PubMed: 3416632]  [MGI Ref ID J:9341]

Cattanach BM; Iddon CA; Charlton HM; Chiappa SA; Fink G. 1977. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone deficiency in a mutant mouse with hypogonadism. Nature 269(5626):338-40. [PubMed: 198666]  [MGI Ref ID J:5877]

Custer RP; Bosma GC; Bosma MJ. 1985. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in the mouse. Pathology, reconstitution, neoplasms. Am J Pathol 120(3):464-77. [PubMed: 2412448]  [MGI Ref ID J:30980]

Many MC; Drexhage HA; Denef JF. 1993. High frequency of thymic ectopy in thyroids from autoimmune prone nonobese diabetic female mice. Lab Invest 69(3):364-7. [PubMed: 8377477]  [MGI Ref ID J:14747]

Mason AJ; Hayflick JS; Zoeller RT; Young WS 3d; Phillips HS; Nikolics K; Seeburg PH. 1986. A deletion truncating the gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene is responsible for hypogonadism in the hpg mouse. Science 234(4782):1366-71. [PubMed: 3024317]  [MGI Ref ID J:8515]

Mason AJ; Pitts SL; Nikolics K; Szonyi E; Wilcox JN; Seeburg PH; Stewart TA. 1986. The hypogonadal mouse: reproductive functions restored by gene therapy. Science 234(4782):1372-8. [PubMed: 3097822]  [MGI Ref ID J:8516]

McDowell IF; Morris JF; Charlton HM. 1982. Characterization of the pituitary gonadotroph cells of hypogonadal (hpg) male mice: comparison with normal mice. J Endocrinol 95(3):321-30. [PubMed: 6816887]  [MGI Ref ID J:31061]

Nonoyama S; Smith FO; Bernstein ID; Ochs HD. 1993. Strain-dependent leakiness of mice with severe combined immune deficiency. J Immunol 150(9):3817-24. [PubMed: 8473734]  [MGI Ref ID J:4610]

Prochazka M; Gaskins HR; Shultz LD; Leiter EH. 1992. The nonobese diabetic scid mouse: model for spontaneous thymomagenesis associated with immunodeficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89(8):3290-4. [PubMed: 1373493]  [MGI Ref ID J:513]

Serreze DV; Leiter EH; Hanson MS; Christianson SW; Shultz LD; Hesselton RM; Greiner DL. 1995. Emv30null NOD-scid mice. An improved host for adoptive transfer of autoimmune diabetes and growth of human lymphohematopoietic cells. Diabetes 44(12):1392-8. [PubMed: 7589844]  [MGI Ref ID J:29951]

Shultz LD; Schweitzer PA; Christianson SW; Gott B; Schweitzer IB; Tennent B; McKenna S; Mobraaten L; Rajan TV; Greiner DL; Leiter EH. 1995. Multiple defects in innate and adaptive immunologic function in NOD/LtSz-scid mice. J Immunol 154(1):180-91. [PubMed: 7995938]  [MGI Ref ID J:22026]

Singh J; O'Neill C; Handelsman DJ. 1995. Induction of spermatogenesis by androgens in gonadotropin-deficient (hpg) mice. Endocrinology 136(12):5311-21. [PubMed: 7588276]  [MGI Ref ID J:30490]

Waldstreicher J; Seminara SB; Jameson JL; Geyer A; Nachtigall LB; Boepple PA; Holmes LB; Crowley WF Jr. 1996. The genetic and clinical heterogeneity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency in the human. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81(12):4388-95. [PubMed: 8954047]  [MGI Ref ID J:46873]

Williamson P; Lang J; Boyd Y. 1991. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gnrh) gene maps to mouse chromosome 14 and identifies a homologous region on human chromosome 8. Somat Cell Mol Genet 17(6):609-15. [PubMed: 1767338]  [MGI Ref ID J:2291]

Gnrh1hpg related

Abel MH; Huhtaniemi I; Pakarinen P; Kumar TR; Charlton HM. 2003. Age-related uterine and ovarian hypertrophy in FSH receptor knockout and FSHbeta subunit knockout mice. Reproduction 125(2):165-73. [PubMed: 12578530]  [MGI Ref ID J:81519]

Abel MH; Wootton AN; Wilkins V; Huhtaniemi I; Knight PG; Charlton HM. 2000. The effect of a null mutation in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene on mouse reproduction. Endocrinology 141(5):1795-803. [PubMed: 10803590]  [MGI Ref ID J:61909]

Allan CM; Garcia A; Spaliviero J; Jimenez M. 2006. Maintenance of Spermatogenesis by the Activated Human (Asp567Gly) FSH Receptor During Testicular Regression Due to Hormonal Withdrawal. Biol Reprod 74(5):938-44. [PubMed: 16452461]  [MGI Ref ID J:107813]

Allan CM; Garcia A; Spaliviero J; Zhang FP; Jimenez M; Huhtaniemi I; Handelsman DJ. 2004. Complete Sertoli cell proliferation induced by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) independently of luteinizing hormone activity: evidence from genetic models of isolated FSH action. Endocrinology 145(4):1587-93. [PubMed: 14726449]  [MGI Ref ID J:105652]

Allan CM; Haywood M; Swaraj S; Spaliviero J; Koch A; Jimenez M; Poutanen M; Levallet J; Huhtaniemi I; Illingworth P; Handelsman DJ. 2001. A novel transgenic model to characterize the specific effects of follicle-stimulating hormone on gonadal physiology in the absence of luteinizing hormone actions. Endocrinology 142(6):2213-20. [PubMed: 11356665]  [MGI Ref ID J:129454]

Allan CM; Wang Y; Jimenez M; Marshan B; Spaliviero J; Illingworth P; Handelsman DJ. 2006. Follicle-stimulating hormone increases primordial follicle reserve in mature female hypogonadal mice. J Endocrinol 188(3):549-57. [PubMed: 16522734]  [MGI Ref ID J:106160]

Amador A; Parkening T; Beamer W; Bartke A; Collins TJ. 1984. Autoregulation of testicular luteinizing hormone receptors in hypogonadal (hpg/hpg) mice. Biochem Genet 22(5-6):395-401. [PubMed: 6087790]  [MGI Ref ID J:7532]

Baker PJ; Johnston H; Abel M; Charlton HM; O'Shaughnessy PJ. 2003. Differentiation of adult-type Leydig cells occurs in gonadotrophin-deficient mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 1:4. [PubMed: 12646077]  [MGI Ref ID J:102443]

Baker PJ; Sha JH; O'Shaughnessy PJ. 1997. Localisation and regulation of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 mRNA during development in the mouse testis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 133(2):127-33. [PubMed: 9406858]  [MGI Ref ID J:44106]

Balvers M; Spiess AN; Domagalski R; Hunt N; Kilic E; Mukhopadhyay AK; Hanks E; Charlton HM; Ivell R. 1998. Relaxin-like factor expression as a marker of differentiation in the mouse testis and ovary. Endocrinology 139(6):2960-70. [PubMed: 9607807]  [MGI Ref ID J:114270]

Bamber S; Iddon CA; Charlton HM; Ward BJ. 1980. Transplantation of the gonads of hypogonadal (hpg) mice. J Reprod Fertil 58(1):249-52. [PubMed: 7359482]  [MGI Ref ID J:6276]

Beamer WG; Shultz KL; Tennent BJ; Shultz LD. 1993. Granulosa cell tumorigenesis in genetically hypogonadal-immunodeficient mice grafted with ovaries from tumor-susceptible donors. Cancer Res 53(16):3741-6. [PubMed: 8339285]  [MGI Ref ID J:14443]

Beamer WG; Tennent BJ. 1986. Gonadotropin uptake in genetic and irradiation models of ovarian tumorigenesis. Biol Reprod 34(4):761-70. [PubMed: 3085740]  [MGI Ref ID J:48594]

Brix AE; Elgavish A; Nagy TR; Gower BA; Rhead WJ; Wood PA. 2002. Evaluation of liver fatty acid oxidation in the leptin-deficient obese mouse. Mol Genet Metab 75(3):219-26. [PubMed: 11914033]  [MGI Ref ID J:94662]

Brock JA; Handelsman DJ; Keast JR. 2007. Postnatal androgen deprivation dissociates the development of smooth muscle innervation from functional neurotransmission in mouse vas deferens. J Physiol 581(Pt 2):665-78. [PubMed: 17379637]  [MGI Ref ID J:140839]

Cattanach BM; Iddon CA; Charlton HM; Chiappa SA; Fink G. 1977. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone deficiency in a mutant mouse with hypogonadism. Nature 269(5626):338-40. [PubMed: 198666]  [MGI Ref ID J:5877]

Charlton HM; Speight A; Halpin DM; Bramwell A; Sheward WJ; Fink G. 1983. Prolactin measurements in normal and hypogonadal (hpg) mice: developmental and experimental studies. Endocrinology 113(2):545-8. [PubMed: 6409586]  [MGI Ref ID J:7130]

Chausiaux OE; Abel MH; Baxter FO; Khaled WT; Ellis PJ; Charlton HM; Affara NA. 2008. Hypogonadal mouse, a model to study the effects of the endogenous lack of gonadotropins on apoptosis. Biol Reprod 78(1):77-90. [PubMed: 17671269]  [MGI Ref ID J:130691]

Choi Y; Rajkovic A. 2006. Genetics of early mammalian folliculogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 63(5):579-90. [PubMed: 16416028]  [MGI Ref ID J:108336]

Couse JF; Yates MM; Rodriguez KF; Johnson JA; Poirier D; Korach KS. 2006. The intraovarian actions of estrogen receptor-alpha are necessary to repress the formation of morphological and functional Leydig-like cells in the female gonad. Endocrinology 147(8):3666-78. [PubMed: 16627580]  [MGI Ref ID J:111680]

Ebling FJ; Brooks AN; Cronin AS; Ford H; Kerr JB. 2000. Estrogenic induction of spermatogenesis in the hypogonadal mouse. Endocrinology 141(8):2861-9. [PubMed: 10919273]  [MGI Ref ID J:65481]

Fink G; Sheward WJ; Charlton HM. 1982. Priming effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the hypogonadal mouse. J Endocrinol 94(2):283-7. [PubMed: 7050282]  [MGI Ref ID J:6840]

Gibson MJ; Krieger DT; Charlton HM; Zimmerman EA; Silverman AJ; Perlow MJ. 1984. Mating and pregnancy can occur in genetically hypogonadal mice with preoptic area brain grafts. Science 225(4665):949-51. [PubMed: 6382608]  [MGI Ref ID J:7574]

Gray SA; Mannan MA; O'Shaughnessy PJ. 1996. Development of cytochrome P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase (P450c17) mRNA and enzyme activity in neonatal ovaries of normal and hypogonadal (hpg) mice. J Mol Endocrinol 17(1):55-60. [PubMed: 8863187]  [MGI Ref ID J:35585]

Gray SA; Mannan MA; O'Shaughnessy PJ. 1995. Development of cytochrome P450 aromatase mRNA levels and enzyme activity in ovaries of normal and hypogonadal (hpg) mice. J Mol Endocrinol 14(3):295-301. [PubMed: 7669221]  [MGI Ref ID J:26907]

Hashizume K; Tsujii H; Rokutanda M. 1995. Effects of gonadotropin administration on follicular growth and in vitro fertilization in female hypogonadal mice. Exp Anim 44(3):241-4. [PubMed: 7556426]  [MGI Ref ID J:27759]

Haywood M; Spaliviero J; Jimemez M; King NJ; Handelsman DJ; Allan CM. 2003. Sertoli and germ cell development in hypogonadal (hpg) mice expressing transgenic follicle-stimulating hormone alone or in combination with testosterone. Endocrinology 144(2):509-17. [PubMed: 12538611]  [MGI Ref ID J:128189]

Haywood M; Tymchenko N; Spaliviero J; Koch A; Jimenez M; Gromoll J; Simoni M; Nordhoff V; Handelsman DJ; Allan CM. 2002. An activated human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor stimulates FSH-like activity in gonadotropin-deficient transgenic mice. Mol Endocrinol 16(11):2582-91. [PubMed: 12403847]  [MGI Ref ID J:79967]

Hirst RC; Abel MH; Wilkins V; Simpson C; Knight PG; Zhang FP; Huhtaniemi I; Kumar TR; Charlton HM. 2004. Influence of mutations affecting gonadotropin production or responsiveness on expression of inhibin subunit mRNA and protein in the mouse ovary. Reproduction 128(1):43-52. [PubMed: 15232063]  [MGI Ref ID J:91232]

Ishii T; Hasegawa T; Pai CI; Yvgi-Ohana N; Timberg R; Zhao L; Majdic G; Chung BC; Orly J; Parker KL. 2002. The roles of circulating high-density lipoproteins and trophic hormones in the phenotype of knockout mice lacking the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. Mol Endocrinol 16(10):2297-309. [PubMed: 12351695]  [MGI Ref ID J:79229]

Jacobson JD; Ansari MA. 2004. Immunomodulatory actions of gonadal steroids may be mediated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 145(1):330-6. [PubMed: 12959991]  [MGI Ref ID J:96361]

Johnston JD; Messager S; Ebling FJ; Williams LM; Barrett P; Hazlerigg DG. 2003. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone drives melatonin receptor down-regulation in the developing pituitary gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(5):2831-5. [PubMed: 12598657]  [MGI Ref ID J:82389]

Kananen K; Rilianawati; Paukku T; Markkula M; Rainio EM; Huhtanemi I. 1997. Suppression of gonadotropins inhibits gonadal tumorigenesis in mice transgenic for the mouse inhibin alpha-subunit promoter/simian virus 40 T-antigen fusion gene. Endocrinology 138(8):3521-31. [PubMed: 9231807]  [MGI Ref ID J:42412]

Katz D; Niederberger C; Slaughter GR; Cooney AJ. 1997. Characterization of germ cell-specific expression of the orphan nuclear receptor, germ cell nuclear factor. Endocrinology 138(10):4364-72. [PubMed: 9322952]  [MGI Ref ID J:43354]

Ketola I; Rahman N; Toppari J; Bielinska M; Porter-Tinge SB; Tapanainen JS; Huhtaniemi IT; Wilson DB; Heikinheimo M. 1999. Expression and regulation of transcription factors GATA-4 and GATA-6 in developing mouse testis. Endocrinology 140(3):1470-80. [PubMed: 10067876]  [MGI Ref ID J:53779]

Kumar TR; Wang Y; Matzuk MM. 1996. Gonadotropins are essential modifier factors for gonadal tumor development in inhibin-deficient mice. Endocrinology 137(10):4210-6. [PubMed: 8828479]  [MGI Ref ID J:83261]

Lang J. 1991. Assay for deletion in Gnrh (hpg) locus using PCR Mouse Genome 89(4):857.  [MGI Ref ID J:1779]

Lindsey JS; Wilkinson MF. 1996. Pem: a testosterone- and LH-regulated homeobox gene expressed in mouse Sertoli cells and epididymis. Dev Biol 179(2):471-84. [PubMed: 8903361]  [MGI Ref ID J:36481]

Livne I; Gibson MJ; Silverman AJ. 1993. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the hypogonadal mouse elaborate normal projections despite their biosynthetic deficiency. Neurosci Lett 151(2):229-33. [PubMed: 8506085]  [MGI Ref ID J:22002]

Livne I; Silverman AJ; Gibson MJ. 1992. Reversal of reproductive deficiency in the hpg male mouse by neonatal androgenization. Biol Reprod 47(4):561-7. [PubMed: 1391342]  [MGI Ref ID J:2567]

Lubaroff DM; Cohen MB; Schultz LD; Beamer WG. 1995. Survival of human prostate carcinoma, benign hyperplastic prostate tissues, and IL-2-activated lymphocytes in scid mice. Prostate 27(1):32-41. [PubMed: 7541529]  [MGI Ref ID J:138840]

Mason AJ; Hayflick JS; Zoeller RT; Young WS 3d; Phillips HS; Nikolics K; Seeburg PH. 1986. A deletion truncating the gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene is responsible for hypogonadism in the hpg mouse. Science 234(4782):1366-71. [PubMed: 3024317]  [MGI Ref ID J:8515]

Mason AJ; Pitts SL; Nikolics K; Szonyi E; Wilcox JN; Seeburg PH; Stewart TA. 1986. The hypogonadal mouse: reproductive functions restored by gene therapy. Science 234(4782):1372-8. [PubMed: 3097822]  [MGI Ref ID J:8516]

McDowell IF; Morris JF; Charlton HM. 1982. Characterization of the pituitary gonadotroph cells of hypogonadal (hpg) male mice: comparison with normal mice. J Endocrinol 95(3):321-30. [PubMed: 6816887]  [MGI Ref ID J:31061]

McDowell IF; Morris JF; Charlton HM; Fink G. 1982. Effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on the gonadotrophs of hypogonadal (hpg) mice. J Endocrinol 95(3):331-40. [PubMed: 6816888]  [MGI Ref ID J:6922]

McQueen JK; Wilson H. 1994. The development of astrocytes immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein in the mediobasal hypothalamus of hypogonadal mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 5(6):623-31. [PubMed: 7704437]  [MGI Ref ID J:23067]

McQueen JK; Wright AK; Arbuthnott GW; Fink G. 1992. Astrocytes immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) are increased in the mediobasal hypothalamus in hypogonadal (hpg) mice Mol Cell Neurosci 3(6):473-481.  [MGI Ref ID J:12216]

Myers M; Ebling FJ; Nwagwu M; Boulton R; Wadhwa K; Stewart J; Kerr JB. 2005. Atypical development of Sertoli cells and impairment of spermatogenesis in the hypogonadal (hpg) mouse. J Anat 207(6):797-811. [PubMed: 16367806]  [MGI Ref ID J:112827]

Nwagwu MO; Baines H; Kerr JB; Ebling FJ. 2005. Neonatal androgenization of hypogonadal (hpg) male mice does not abolish estradiol-induced FSH production and spermatogenesis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 3:48. [PubMed: 16176578]  [MGI Ref ID J:112760]

O'Shaughnessy PJ; Abel M; Charlton HM; Hu B; Johnston H; Baker PJ. 2007. Altered expression of genes involved in regulation of vitamin A metabolism, solute transportation, and cytoskeletal function in the androgen-insensitive tfm mouse testis. Endocrinology 148(6):2914-24. [PubMed: 17332066]  [MGI Ref ID J:129602]

O'Shaughnessy PJ; Baker P; Sohnius U; Haavisto AM; Charlton HM; Huhtaniemi I. 1998. Fetal development of Leydig cell activity in the mouse is independent of pituitary gonadotroph function. Endocrinology 139(3):1141-6. [PubMed: 9492048]  [MGI Ref ID J:46691]

O'Shaughnessy PJ; Bennett MK; Scott IS; Charlton HM. 1992. Effects of FSH on Leydig cell morphology and function in the hypogonadal mouse. J Endocrinol 135(3):517-25. [PubMed: 1487704]  [MGI Ref ID J:3387]

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