Description

The genotypes of the animals provided may not reflect those discussed in the strain description or the mating scheme utilized by The Jackson Laboratory prior to cryopreservation. Please inquire for possible genotypes for this specific strain.

Strain Information

Type Chemically Induced Mutation; Congenic; Mutant Strain; Additional information on Genetically Engineered and Mutant Mice. Visit our online Nomenclature tutorial. Additional information on Congenic nomenclature. Species laboratory mouse Background Strain C57BL/6Ros Donor Strain C3Ha.X25 (Pgk1a Hprta ) Generation N?+1F14p Generation Definitions   Donating Investigator Dr. Verne M. Chapman (deceased),   Roswell Park Memorial Institute

Appearance
black
Related Genotype: a/a

Description
Dmd^mdx-3Cv mutant mice display a faint dystrophin immunofluorescence in skeletal sarcolemma and skeletal muscle in contrast to the other mutants which show no dystrophin reactivity. This is similar to a group of human DMD patients. This mutant has a low frequency of revertants. The Dmd^mdx-4Cv and Dmd^mdx-5Cv strains have 10 times fewer revertants than the Dmd^mdx and Dmd^mdx-2Cv strains as viewed in quadricep cross-sections. This is not attributable to genetic background or viral infections. These reversion rate differences may be attributable to differences in the location of the point mutation. The large number of revertants in Dmd^mdx mutants has complicated the analysis of gene or cell therapies. These mutants are more useful for this purpose. All these strains are also hemizygous for Hprt^a and Pgk1^a (both are on the X chromosome).

Development
This strain was created in the laboratory of Verne M. Chapman. A C57BL/6Ros female was crossed to a male of strain C3Ha.X₂₅, a double congenic strain carrying Pgk1^a (from a wild Mus musculus musculus mouse trapped in Denmark) and Hprt^a (from Mus castaneus) on a C3H/HeHa background. F1 or F2 male progeny of this cross were treated with n-ethylnitrosourea (ENU) and crossed to C57BL/10Sn-Dmd^mdx/+ females. Female offspring of these crosses that exhibited consistently elevated plasma creatine kinase levels and that carried the X-chromosome markers of their mutagenized male progenitors were bred to C57BL/10Sn-Dmd^mdx/Y males. Transmission to male progeny of the elevated plasma CK phenotype and failure of the suspected new mutations at the Dmd locus to complement the classical mdx mutation identified four new mutations of Dmd, called Dmd^mdx-2-5Cv . Each of these new mutations was subsequently backcrossed onto C57BL/6Ros.

Control Information

	Control
	See control note:	Controls are provided from the C57BL/6J colony (Stock No. 000664). These only provide an approximate genetic match to this C57BL/6Ros background.
	000664 C57BL/6J	(approximate)
Considerations for Choosing Controls

Related Strains

Strains carrying other alleles of Dmd

017929	B10.Cg-Cmahtm1Avrk Dmdmdx/PtmJ
018018	B10ScSn.Cg-Prkdcscid Dmdmdx/J
002388	B6Ros.Cg-Dmdmdx-2Cv/J
002378	B6Ros.Cg-Dmdmdx-4Cv/J
002379	B6Ros.Cg-Dmdmdx-5Cv/J
001801	C57BL/10ScSn-Dmdmdx/J
013141	D2.B10-Dmdmdx/J
018915	STOCK Terctm1Rdp Dmdmdx/J
016622	STOCK Utrntm1Jrs Dmdmdx/J
014563	STOCK Utrntm1Ked Dmdmdx/J

View Strains carrying other alleles of Dmd     (10 strains)

Phenotype

Phenotype Information

View Related Disease (OMIM) Terms

Related Disease (OMIM) Terms provided by MGI

- Model with phenotypic similarity to human disease where etiologies involve orthologs. Human genes are associated with this disease. Orthologs of those genes appear in the mouse genotype(s).

Muscular Dystrophy, Becker Type; BMD
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne Type; DMD

- Potential model based on gene homology relationships. Phenotypic similarity to the human disease has not been tested. Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 3b; CMD3B   (DMD)

View Mammalian Phenotype Terms

Mammalian Phenotype Terms provided by MGI

      assigned by genotype

Dmd^mdx-3Cv/Dmd^mdx-3Cv

        B6Ros.Cg-Dmd^mdx-3Cv

• mortality/aging
• partial preweaning lethality
  • fewer than expected mice survive until weaning compared to Dmd^mdx mice   (MGI Ref ID J:12150)
• reproductive system phenotype
• decreased litter size   (MGI Ref ID J:12150)
• reduced fertility
  • fewer than exected mice are produced compared to Dmd^mdx mice   (MGI Ref ID J:12150)
• muscle phenotype
• abnormal diaphragm morphology
  • mutant mice exhibit fibrosis, fatty infiltration and necrosis in the diaphragm with increased severity upon aging   (MGI Ref ID J:23502)
• centrally nucleated skeletal muscle fibers
  • 70% of myofibers contain central nuclei unlike in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:23502)
• increased variability of skeletal muscle fiber size
  • in mutant mice, myofibers contain fibers of different diameters with centrally located nuclei   (MGI Ref ID J:12150)
• skeletal muscle fibrosis
  • mice exhibit fibrosis, fatty infiltration and necrosis in the diaphragm unlike in wild-type mice that increases with age   (MGI Ref ID J:23502)

Dmd^mdx-3Cv/Dmd^mdx-3Cv

        B6Ros.Cg-Dmd^mdx-3Cv/J

• nervous system phenotype
• abnormal Muller cell morphology
  • mice exhibit an alteration in Muller cell current profile such that the current is weakest in the end feet with a gradual increase moving up the proximal process unlike in wild-type cells   (MGI Ref ID J:125566)
• vision/eye phenotype
• abnormal Muller cell morphology
  • mice exhibit an alteration in Muller cell current profile such that the current is weakest in the end feet with a gradual increase moving up the proximal process unlike in wild-type cells   (MGI Ref ID J:125566)

Dmd^mdx-3Cv/Y

        B6Ros.Cg-Dmd^mdx-3Cv

• mortality/aging
• partial preweaning lethality
  • fewer than expected mice survive until weaning compared to Dmd^mdx mice   (MGI Ref ID J:12150)
• reproductive system phenotype
• decreased litter size   (MGI Ref ID J:12150)
• reduced fertility
  • fewer than exected mice are produced compared to Dmd^mdx mice   (MGI Ref ID J:12150)
• muscle phenotype
• abnormal diaphragm morphology
  • mutant mice exhibit fibrosis, fatty infiltration and necrosis in the diaphragm with increased severity upon aging   (MGI Ref ID J:23502)
• centrally nucleated skeletal muscle fibers
  • 70% of myofibers contain central nuclei unlike in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:23502)
• increased variability of skeletal muscle fiber size
  • in mutant mice, myofibers contain fibers of different diameters with centrally located nuclei   (MGI Ref ID J:12150)
• skeletal muscle fibrosis
  • mice exhibit fibrosis, fatty infiltration and necrosis in the diaphragm unlike in wild-type mice that increases with age   (MGI Ref ID J:23502)

Dmd^mdx-3Cv/Y

        B6Ros.Cg-Dmd^mdx-3Cv/J

• muscle phenotype
• abnormal muscle contractility
  • highest specific tetanic force is lower than in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:134272)
  • at high frequencies mice titanic force is greater than in Dmd^mdx-4Cv mice   (MGI Ref ID J:134272)
  • following eccentric contraction damage, force is reduced to unlike in wild-type mice that experience only a moderate drop in force but not as severely as in Dmd^mdx-4Cv mice   (MGI Ref ID J:134272)
  • age exacerbates force losses   (MGI Ref ID J:134272)
• abnormal skeletal muscle morphology
  • skeletal muscles exhibit variation in fiber size and centrally located nuclei unlike in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:134272)
  • mice exhibit macrophage invasion into muscles unlike in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:134272)
• • centrally nucleated skeletal muscle fibers   (MGI Ref ID J:134272)
  • increased variability of skeletal muscle fiber size   (MGI Ref ID J:134272)
• vision/eye phenotype
• *normal* vision/eye phenotype
  • retina morphology is normal   (MGI Ref ID J:53822)
• • abnormal Muller cell morphology
    • mice exhibit an alteration in Muller cell current profile such that the current is weakest in the end feet with a gradual increase moving up the proximal process unlike in wild-type cells   (MGI Ref ID J:125566)
  • abnormal eye electrophysiology
    • mice exhibit a severely attenuated b-wave amplitude compared to wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:53822)
    • b-wave and OP3 wave implicit times are delayed compared to in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:53822)
    • derived positive (P2) responses are delayed compared to in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:53822)
• behavior/neurological phenotype
• abnormal grip strength
  • mice exhibit stronger grip strength than Dmd^mdx-4Cv mice   (MGI Ref ID J:134272)
• nervous system phenotype
• abnormal Muller cell morphology
  • mice exhibit an alteration in Muller cell current profile such that the current is weakest in the end feet with a gradual increase moving up the proximal process unlike in wild-type cells   (MGI Ref ID J:125566)

The following phenotype information may relate to a genetic background differing from this JAX^® Mice strain.

Dmd^mdx-3Cv/Y

        involves: C3H/HeHa * C57BL/6Ros * C57BL/10Sn * M. m. castaneus * M. m musculus

• muscle phenotype
• impaired muscle relaxation
  • electromyograms reveal peudomyotonia unlike in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:9638)
• skeletal muscle fiber degeneration
  • mice exhibit skeletal muscle fiber degeneration   (MGI Ref ID J:9638)
• cardiovascular system phenotype
• cardiac fibrosis
  • unlike wild-type, some cardiac fibrosis is observed   (MGI Ref ID J:9638)
• vision/eye phenotype
• abnormal eye electrophysiology
  • although the a-wave amplitude is normal, the b-wave is attenuated by more than 50%   (MGI Ref ID J:23375)

View Research Applications

Research Applications

This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:

Neurobiology Research
Muscular Dystrophy
      Becker type
      Duchenne type

Dmd^mdx-3Cv related

Mouse/Human Gene Homologs
muscular dystrophy (Duchenne and Becker)

Neurobiology Research
Muscular Dystrophy
      Duchenne type

Genes & Alleles

Gene & Allele Information provided by MGI

Allele Symbol		Dmdmdx-3Cv
Allele Name		X linked muscular dystrophy 3, Verne Chapman
Allele Type		Chemically induced (ENU)
Common Name(s)		mdx3cv; mdx3cv; mdx3cv; mdxcv3;
Mutation Made By		Dr. Verne Chapman (deceased),   Roswell Park Memorial Institute
Strain of Origin		C3Ha.Cg-Hprt Pgk1
Gene Symbol and Name		Dmd, dystrophin, muscular dystrophy
Chromosome		X
Gene Common Name(s)		BMD; CMD3B; DXS142; DXS164; DXS206; DXS230; DXS239; DXS268; DXS269; DXS270; DXS272; Dp427; Dp71; Duchenne muscular dystrophy; X-linked muscular dystrophy; mdx; pke; pyruvate kinase expression;
Molecular Note		A T to A transversion creates a novel splice acceptor site 14 bp upstream of the natural site in exon 66. Splicing at this mutant site results in the inclusion of 14 bp of intronic sequence and shifts the reading frame of the encoded mRNA. While a low level of a smaller transcript is expressed from this allele, western blot analysis failed to detect any isoform of protein in various tissues from homozygous mutant mice. [MGI Ref ID J:12150]

Genotyping

Genotyping Information

Shin JH, Hakim CH, Zhang K, Duan D. 2011. Genotyping mdx, mdx3cv, and mdx4cv mice by primer competition polymerase chain reaction. Muscle Nerve 43(2):283-6. [PubMed: 21254096]

Helpful Links

Genotyping resources and troubleshooting

References

References provided by MGI

Selected Reference(s)

Chapman VM; Miller DR; Armstrong D; Caskey CT. 1989. Recovery of induced mutations for X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86(4):1292-6. [PubMed: 2919177]  [MGI Ref ID J:9638]

Shin JH; Hakim CH; Zhang K; Duan D. 2011. Genotyping mdx, mdx3cv, and mdx4cv mice by primer competition polymerase chain reaction. Muscle Nerve 43(2):283-6. [PubMed: 21254096]  [MGI Ref ID J:169288]

Additional References

Cox GA; Phelps SF; Chapman VM; Chamberlain JS. 1993. New mdx mutation disrupts expression of muscle and nonmuscle isoforms of dystrophin. Nat Genet 4(1):87-93. [PubMed: 8099842]  [MGI Ref ID J:12150]

Danko I; Chapman V; Wolff JA. 1992. The frequency of revertants in mdx mouse genetic models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Pediatr Res 32(1):128-31. [PubMed: 1635838]  [MGI Ref ID J:23502]

Pillers DM; Weleber RG; Woodward WR; Green DG; Chapman VM; Ray PN. 1995. mdxCv3 mouse is a model for electroretinography of Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36(2):462-6. [PubMed: 7843915]  [MGI Ref ID J:23375]

Dmd^mdx-3Cv related

Blank M; Koulen P; Blake DJ; Kroger S. 1999. Dystrophin and beta-dystroglycan in photoreceptor terminals from normal and mdx3Cv mouse retinae. Eur J Neurosci 11(6):2121-33. [PubMed: 10336681]  [MGI Ref ID J:108090]

Connors NC; Kofuji P. 2002. Dystrophin Dp71 is critical for the clustered localization of potassium channels in retinal glial cells. J Neurosci 22(11):4321-7. [PubMed: 12040037]  [MGI Ref ID J:125566]

Cote PD; Moukhles H; Carbonetto S. 2002. Dystroglycan is not required for localization of dystrophin, syntrophin, and neuronal nitric-oxide synthase at the sarcolemma but regulates integrin alpha 7B expression and caveolin-3 distribution. J Biol Chem 277(7):4672-9. [PubMed: 11741881]  [MGI Ref ID J:74657]

Cox GA; Phelps SF; Chapman VM; Chamberlain JS. 1993. New mdx mutation disrupts expression of muscle and nonmuscle isoforms of dystrophin. Nat Genet 4(1):87-93. [PubMed: 8099842]  [MGI Ref ID J:12150]

Cox GA; Sunada Y; Campbell KP; Chamberlain JS. 1994. Dp71 can restore the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex in muscle but fails to prevent dystrophy [see comments] Nat Genet 8(4):333-9. [PubMed: 7894482]  [MGI Ref ID J:21841]

D'Souza VN; Nguyen TM; Morris GE; Karges W; Pillers DA; Ray PN. 1995. A novel dystrophin isoform is required for normal retinal electrophysiology. Hum Mol Genet 4(5):837-42. [PubMed: 7633443]  [MGI Ref ID J:25211]

Dalloz C; Claudepierre T; Rodius F; Mornet D; Sahel J; Rendon A. 2001. Differential distribution of the members of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex in mouse retina: effect of the mdx(3Cv) mutation. Mol Cell Neurosci 17(5):908-20. [PubMed: 11358487]  [MGI Ref ID J:127279]

Danko I; Chapman V; Wolff JA. 1992. The frequency of revertants in mdx mouse genetic models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Pediatr Res 32(1):128-31. [PubMed: 1635838]  [MGI Ref ID J:23502]

Enger R; Gundersen GA; Haj-Yasein NN; Eilert-Olsen M; Thoren AE; Vindedal GF; Petersen PH; Skare O; Nedergaard M; Ottersen OP; Nagelhus EA. 2012. Molecular scaffolds underpinning macroglial polarization: An analysis of retinal Muller cells and brain astrocytes in mouse. Glia 60(12):2018-26. [PubMed: 22987438]  [MGI Ref ID J:187957]

Fort P; Estrada FJ; Bordais A; Mornet D; Sahel JA; Picaud S; Vargas HR; Coral-Vazquez RM; Rendon A. 2005. The sarcoglycan-sarcospan complex localization in mouse retina is independent from dystrophins. Neurosci Res 53(1):25-33. [PubMed: 15993965]  [MGI Ref ID J:105123]

Godfraind JM; Tekkok SB; Krnjevic K. 2000. Hypoxia on hippocampal slices from mice deficient in dystrophin (mdx) and isoforms (mdx3cv). J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20(1):145-52. [PubMed: 10616803]  [MGI Ref ID J:60086]

Greenberg DS; Schatz Y; Levy Z; Pizzo P; Yaffe D; Nudel U. 1996. Reduced levels of dystrophin associated proteins in the brains of mice deficient for Dp71. Hum Mol Genet 5(9):1299-303. [PubMed: 8872469]  [MGI Ref ID J:35275]

Greenberg DS; Sunada Y; Campbell KP; Yaffe D; Nudel U. 1994. Exogenous Dp71 restores the levels of dystrophin associated proteins but does not alleviate muscle damage in mdx mice [see comments] Nat Genet 8(4):340-4. [PubMed: 7894483]  [MGI Ref ID J:22142]

Haenggi T; Schaub MC; Fritschy JM. 2005. Molecular heterogeneity of the dystrophin-associated protein complex in the mouse kidney nephron: differential alterations in the absence of utrophin and dystrophin. Cell Tissue Res 319(2):299-313. [PubMed: 15565469]  [MGI Ref ID J:105083]

Haenggi T; Soontornmalai A; Schaub MC; Fritschy JM. 2004. The role of utrophin and Dp71 for assembly of different dystrophin-associated protein complexes (DPCs) in the choroid plexus and microvasculature of the brain. Neuroscience 129(2):403-13. [PubMed: 15501597]  [MGI Ref ID J:94669]

Hernandez-Gonzalez EO; Mornet D; Rendon A; Martinez-Rojas D. 2005. Absence of Dp71 in mdx3cv mouse spermatozoa alters flagellar morphology and the distribution of ion channels and nNOS. J Cell Sci 118(Pt 1):137-45. [PubMed: 15601658]  [MGI Ref ID J:94691]

Li D; Yue Y; Duan D. 2010. Marginal level dystrophin expression improves clinical outcome in a strain of dystrophin/utrophin double knockout mice. PLoS One 5(12):e15286. [PubMed: 21187970]  [MGI Ref ID J:168677]

Li D; Yue Y; Duan D. 2008. Preservation of muscle force in mdx3cv mice correlates with low-level expression of a near full-length dystrophin protein. Am J Pathol 172(5):1332-41. [PubMed: 18385524]  [MGI Ref ID J:134272]

Nicchia GP; Rossi A; Nudel U; Svelto M; Frigeri A. 2008. Dystrophin-dependent and -independent AQP4 pools are expressed in the mouse brain. Glia 56(8):869-76. [PubMed: 18338794]  [MGI Ref ID J:156273]

Pillers DA; Weleber RG; Green DG; Rash SM; Dally GY; Howard PL ; Powers MR ; Hood DC ; Chapman VM ; Ray PN ; Woodward WR. 1999. Effects of dystrophin isoforms on signal transduction through neural retina: genotype-phenotype analysis of duchenne muscular dystrophy mouse mutants. Mol Genet Metab 66(2):100-10. [PubMed: 10068512]  [MGI Ref ID J:53822]

Pillers DM; Weleber RG; Woodward WR; Green DG; Chapman VM; Ray PN. 1995. mdxCv3 mouse is a model for electroretinography of Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36(2):462-6. [PubMed: 7843915]  [MGI Ref ID J:23375]

Rafael JA; Nitta Y; Peters J; Davies KE. 2000. Testing of SHIRPA, a mouse phenotypic assessment protocol, on Dmd(mdx) and Dmd(mdx3cv) dystrophin-deficient mice. Mamm Genome 11(9):725-8. [PubMed: 10967129]  [MGI Ref ID J:64319]

Rafael JA; Trickett JI; Potter AC; Davies KE. 1999. Dystrophin and utrophin do not play crucial roles in nonmuscle tissues in mice. Muscle Nerve 22(4):517-9. [PubMed: 10204788]  [MGI Ref ID J:116348]

Turk R; Sterrenburg E; van der Wees CG; de Meijer EJ; de Menezes RX; Groh S; Campbell KP; Noguchi S; van Ommen GJ; den Dunnen JT; 't Hoen PA. 2006. Common pathological mechanisms in mouse models for muscular dystrophies. FASEB J 20(1):127-9. [PubMed: 16306063]  [MGI Ref ID J:104560]

Vaillend C; Billard JM; Claudepierre T; Rendon A; Dutar P; Ungerer A. 1998. Spatial discrimination learning and CA1 hippocampal synaptic plasticity in mdx and mdx3cv mice lacking dystrophin gene products. Neuroscience 86(1):53-66. [PubMed: 9692743]  [MGI Ref ID J:48768]

Vaillend C; Ungerer A. 1999. Behavioral characterization of mdx3cv mice deficient in C-terminal dystrophins. Neuromuscul Disord 9(5):296-304. [PubMed: 10407849]  [MGI Ref ID J:56477]

Health & husbandry

Health & Colony Maintenance Information

Animal Health Reports

Production of mice from cryopreserved embryos or sperm occurs in a maximum barrier room, G200.

Colony Maintenance

Diet Information	LabDiet® 5K52/5K67

Pricing and Purchasing

Pricing, Supply Level & Notes, Controls

General Supply Notes

• Genomic DNA is available for this strain from the Mouse DNA Resource.

Control Information

	Control
	See control note:	Controls are provided from the C57BL/6J colony (Stock No. 000664). These only provide an approximate genetic match to this C57BL/6Ros background.
	000664 C57BL/6J	(approximate)
Considerations for Choosing Controls
Control Pricing Information for Genetically Engineered Mutant Strains.

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The Jackson Laboratory's Genotype Promise

The Jackson Laboratory has rigorous genetic quality control and mutant gene genotyping programs to ensure the genetic background of JAX^® Mice strains as well as the genotypes of strains with identified molecular mutations. JAX^® Mice strains are only made available to researchers after meeting our standards. However, the phenotype of each strain may not be fully characterized and/or captured in the strain data sheets. Therefore, we cannot guarantee a strain's phenotype will meet all expectations. To ensure that JAX^® Mice will meet the needs of individual research projects or when requesting a strain that is new to your research, we suggest ordering and performing tests on a small number of mice to determine suitability for your particular project.

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