Strain Name:

B6;CB17-Ghrhrlit Prkdcscid/Bm

Stock Number:

002577

Availability:

Research Strain

Description

Strain Information

Type Mutant Stock; Spontaneous Mutation;
Additional information on Genetically Engineered Mutant Mice.
Specieslaboratory mouse
GenerationN1F30 (06-OCT-08)

Description
Mice homozygous for the severe combined immune deficiency spontaneous mutation (Prkdcscid, commonly referred to as scid) are characterized by an absence of functional T cells and B cells, lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and a normal hematopoietic microenvironment. Normal antigen-presenting cell, myeloid and NK cell functions are strain dependent. scid mice carry a DNA repair defect and a defect in the rearrangement of genes that code for antigen-specific receptors on lymphocytes. Most homozygotes have no detectable IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, or IgA. Thymus, lymph nodes, and splenic follicles are virtually devoid of lymphocytes. scid mice accept allogeneic and xenogeneic grafts making them an ideal model for cell transfer experiments. Some scid mice will spontaneously develop partial immune reactivity. scid mice that have serum Ig levels greater than 1 ug/ml are considered "leaky." scid leakiness is highly strain dependent, increases with age, and is higher in mice housed under non SPF conditions. In general, scid leakiness is high on the C57BL/6J and BALB/cBy genetic backgrounds, low on the C3H/HeJ background, and even lower on the NOD/LtSz background. In addition to the effects of the scid mutation, GhrhrlitPrkdcscid /Bm mice are deficient in growth hormone and IGF1 while GhrhhpgPrkdcscid/Bm mice (Stock No. 002038) are deficient in gonadotropins and gonodal steroids. These two double mutant strains are useful for determining endocrine dependence of grafted cells and tissues.

Development
C57BL/6J-Ghrhrlit/Ghrhrlit x C.B-17-Prkdcscid/Prkdcscid offspring were sibling mated. The strain was made homozygous for Prkdcscid and kept segregating for Ghrhrlit and the sibling mating continued to the present.

Control Information

  Control
   Heterozygote from the colony
   000664 C57BL/6J
 
  Considerations for Choosing Controls

Related Strains

Strains carrying   Ghrhrlit allele
000533   C57BL/6J-Ghrhrlit/J
View Strains carrying   Ghrhrlit     (1 strain)

View Strains carrying   Prkdcscid     (25 strains)

Additional Web Information

JAX® NOTES, Fall 2001; 483. Extended Life Span in Mice with Dwarfing Mutations.

Phenotype

Phenotype Information

View Research Applications

Research Applications
This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:

Research Tools
Immunology and Inflammation Research (B and T cell deficiency)

Ghrhrlit related

Developmental Biology Research
Growth Defects

Endocrine Deficiency Research
Hypothalamus/Pituitary Defects

Mouse/Human Gene Homologs
growth hormone deficiency

Prkdcscid related

Immunology and Inflammation Research
Immunodeficiency (B and T cell deficiency)

Internal/Organ Research
Lymphoid Tissue Defects (B and T cell deficiency)

Research Tools
Cancer Research (B and T cell deficiency) (xenograft/transplant host)
Toxicology Research (xenograft/transplant host)

Virology Research
B and T Cell Deficiency (AIDS research tool)

Genes & Alleles

Gene & Allele Information

Allele Symbol Ghrhrlit
Allele Name little
Allele Type Spontaneous
Common Name(s) lit; litm;
Strain of OriginC57BL/6J
Gene Symbol and Name Ghrhr, growth hormone releasing hormone receptor
Chromosome 6
Gene Common Name(s) GHRFR; GHRHREC; GHRHRpsv; GRFR; Ghrfr; growth hormone releasing factor receptor; lit; little;
Molecular Note The mutation in little mice is a A-to-G transition in codon 60 that is predicted to alter this residue from a aspartate to a glycine in the encoded protein. Reduced levels of mRNA were noted in total RNA derived from pituitary of homozygous mice, and invitro assays demonstrated that no functional protein is made from this allele. [MGI Ref ID J:12846] [MGI Ref ID J:13404]
 
Allele Symbol Prkdcscid
Allele Name severe combined immunodeficiency
Allele Type Spontaneous
Common Name(s) scid;
Strain of OriginCB17
Gene Symbol and Name Prkdc, protein kinase, DNA activated, catalytic polypeptide
Chromosome 16
Gene Common Name(s) AI326420; AU019811; DNA-PK; DNA-PKcs; DNAPDcs; DNAPK; DNPK1; HYRC; HYRC1; MGC189093; XRCC7; expressed sequence AI326420; expressed sequence AU019811; p350; scid; severe combined immunodeficiency; slip;
General Note The Prkdcscid mutation arose in the C.B-17 inbred strain (BALB/c.C57BL/Ka-Igh-1b) (J:9341). Most homozygotes have no detectable IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, or IgA, but a few have low levels of one to three of these immunoglobulin isotypes. The size of the lymphoid organs is only one-tenth or less that of normal. Thymus, lymph nodes, and splenic follicles are virtually devoid of lymphocytes (J:30980).

Homozygotes are deficient in both B and T cell function. Their spleen cells do not respond to either B or T cell mitogens and they are unable to reject skin grafts. They lack detectable B cells and pre-B cells. In spite of the small thymus and lack of functional T cells, the Thy1 marker is present on a majority of cells recovered from the thymus, and T cell lymphomas occur in 10 per cent or more of affected mice. Prkdcscid specifically impairs differentiation of stem cells into mature lymphocytes. Myeloid cell differentiation is not affected. The basic defect in these mice appears to be in the lymphoid stem cells and not in the cellular environment, since functional T and B cells are found in mice reconstituted with normal bone marrow (J:30980, J:7343). However, full reconstitution of the immune deficiency occurs only after irradiation of the recipients, indicating that Prkdcscid/Prkdcscid mice may have normal numbers of a radiation-sensitive stem cell that has defective proliferative capacity (J:8299).

The rearrangements of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes that normally occur in B and T lymphocytes are not found in homozygous Prkdcscid mice. However, in Abelson leukemia virus-transformed B cells of these mice and in their occasional T cell lymphomas, rearrangements, most of which are abnormal, are found. This suggests that scid may act through an effect on the recombinase system catalyzing the assembly of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes, and that lymphocytes with these defects are not able to develop further (J:8420).

Although most Prkdcscid homozygotes fail to produce immunoglobulin and functional T-cell receptor, some produce these products at low levels, with an occasional mouse with nearly normal levels of serum immunoglobulin, the criterion usually used tomeasure the effects of Prkdcscid. This phenomenon is referred to as "leakiness" of the VDJ recombination defect (J:4610).Homozygous Prkdcscidmice are fertile and, under specific pathogen-free conditions, may survive a year or more(J:6958).

The Prkdcscid mouse has been widely used in studies of the immune system, in particular of VDJ recombination in T and B lymphocytes. Its lack of immunocompetence has made it useful in transplantation studies, particularly transplantation and development of metastasis in human tumors. The interaction of infection, immunity, and disease processes have been studied with these mice. Poole (J:31292) offers a brief review of the nature and usefulness of the Prkdcscid mouse, with key references to the very extensive literature.

Mutant mRNA does not appear to differ from wild-type although protein expression is reduced more than 10-fold. Mutant protein is defective for nuclear association but exhibits normal DNA-binding ability.

NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid B2mtm1Unc mice lack mature lymphocytes and serum Ig, are MHC class I deficient, B and T cell deficient, C-5 deficient (Hc0), and have low NK cells. These mice display accumulation of iron in the liver and rapid clearance of human IgG1.

Molecular Note A T-to-A transversion point mutation at a position corresponding to codon 4095 created a premature stop codon. [MGI Ref ID J:35393] [MGI Ref ID J:39329]

Genotyping

Genotyping Information

Genotyping Protocols

Prkdcscid, REST, vers. 1

Helpful Links

Optimizing PCR Protocols

References

References

Additional References

Beamer WG; Shultz KL; Tennent BJ; Shultz LD. 1993. Granulosa cell tumorigenesis in genetically hypogonadal-immunodeficient mice grafted with ovaries from tumor-susceptible donors. Cancer Res 53(16):3741-6. [PubMed: 8339285]  [MGI Ref ID J:14443]

Bosma M; Schuler W; Bosma G. 1988. The scid mouse mutant. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 137:197-202. [PubMed: 3416632]  [MGI Ref ID J:9341]

Custer RP; Bosma GC; Bosma MJ. 1985. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in the mouse. Pathology, reconstitution, neoplasms. Am J Pathol 120(3):464-77. [PubMed: 2412448]  [MGI Ref ID J:30980]

Godfrey P; Rahal JO; Beamer WG; Copeland NG; Jenkins NA; Mayo KE. 1993. GHRH receptor of little mice contains a missense mutation in the extracellular domain that disrupts receptor function. Nat Genet 4(3):227-32. [PubMed: 8395283]  [MGI Ref ID J:12846]

Lin SC; Lin CR; Gukovsky I; Lusis AJ; Sawchenko PE; Rosenfeld MG. 1993. Molecular basis of the little mouse phenotype and implications for cell type-specific growth [see comments] Nature 364(6434):208-13. [PubMed: 8391647]  [MGI Ref ID J:13404]

Many MC; Drexhage HA; Denef JF. 1993. High frequency of thymic ectopy in thyroids from autoimmune prone nonobese diabetic female mice. Lab Invest 69(3):364-7. [PubMed: 8377477]  [MGI Ref ID J:14747]

Nonoyama S; Smith FO; Bernstein ID; Ochs HD. 1993. Strain-dependent leakiness of mice with severe combined immune deficiency. J Immunol 150(9):3817-24. [PubMed: 8473734]  [MGI Ref ID J:4610]

Prochazka M; Gaskins HR; Shultz LD; Leiter EH. 1992. The nonobese diabetic scid mouse: model for spontaneous thymomagenesis associated with immunodeficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89(8):3290-4. [PubMed: 1373493]  [MGI Ref ID J:513]

Serreze DV; Leiter EH; Hanson MS; Christianson SW; Shultz LD; Hesselton RM; Greiner DL. 1995. Emv30null NOD-scid mice. An improved host for adoptive transfer of autoimmune diabetes and growth of human lymphohematopoietic cells. Diabetes 44(12):1392-8. [PubMed: 7589844]  [MGI Ref ID J:29951]

Shultz LD; Schweitzer PA; Christianson SW; Gott B; Schweitzer IB; Tennent B; McKenna S; Mobraaten L; Rajan TV; Greiner DL; Leiter EH. 1995. Multiple defects in innate and adaptive immunologic function in NOD/LtSz-scid mice. J Immunol 154(1):180-91. [PubMed: 7995938]  [MGI Ref ID J:22026]

Ghrhrlit related

Barger JL; Walford RL; Weindruch R. 2003. The retardation of aging by caloric restriction: its significance in the transgenic era. Exp Gerontol 38(11-12):1343-51. [PubMed: 14698815]  [MGI Ref ID J:87701]

Beamer WG; Shultz KL; Tennent BJ; Shultz LD. 1993. Granulosa cell tumorigenesis in genetically hypogonadal-immunodeficient mice grafted with ovaries from tumor-susceptible donors. Cancer Res 53(16):3741-6. [PubMed: 8339285]  [MGI Ref ID J:14443]

Beamer WH; Eicher EM. 1976. Stimulation of growth in the little mouse. J Endocrinol 71(1):37-45. [PubMed: 978118]  [MGI Ref ID J:5710]

Bugni JM; Poole TM; Drinkwater NR. 2001. The little mutation suppresses DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice and abrogates genetic and hormonal modulation of susceptibility. Carcinogenesis 22(11):1853-62. [PubMed: 11698349]  [MGI Ref ID J:72758]

Bunger L; Hill WG. 1999. Role of growth hormone in the genetic change of mice divergently selected for body weight and fatness. Genet Res 74(3):351-60. [PubMed: 10689811]  [MGI Ref ID J:60661]

Cheng TC; Beamer WG; Phillips JA 3d; Bartke A; Mallonee RL; Dowling C. 1983. Etiology of growth hormone deficiency in little, Ames, and Snell dwarf mice. Endocrinology 113(5):1669-78. [PubMed: 6194978]  [MGI Ref ID J:7211]

Christensen E; Wilson DB. 1981. Fine structure of somatotrophs and mammotrophs in the pituitary pars distalis of the little (lit) mutant mouse. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 37(1):89-96. [PubMed: 6116352]  [MGI Ref ID J:15348]

Dickson SL; Doutrelant-Viltart O; Leng G. 1995. GH-deficient dw/dw rats and lit/lit mice show increased Fos expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus following systemic injection of GH-releasing peptide-6. J Endocrinol 146(3):519-26. [PubMed: 7595148]  [MGI Ref ID J:29289]

Donahue LR; Beamer WG. 1993. Growth hormone deficiency in 'little' mice results in aberrant body composition, reduced insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), but does not affect IGFBP-2, -1 or -4. J Endocrinol 136(1):91-104. [PubMed: 7679139]  [MGI Ref ID J:3735]

Donahue LR; Watson G; Beamer WG. 1993. Regulation of metabolic water and protein compartments by insulin-like growth factor-I and testosterone in growth hormone-deficient lit/lit mice. J Endocrinol 139(3):431-9. [PubMed: 7510770]  [MGI Ref ID J:16863]

Eicher EM. 1972. lit - little Mouse News Lett 47:36.  [MGI Ref ID J:64445]

Eicher EM; Beamer WG. 1976. Inherited ateliotic dwarfism in mice. Characteristics of the mutation, little, on chromosome 6. J Hered 67(2):87-91. [PubMed: 1270792]  [MGI Ref ID J:5647]

Eleswarapu S; Gu Z; Jiang H. 2008. Growth hormone regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression may be mediated by multiple distal signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 binding sites. Endocrinology 149(5):2230-40. [PubMed: 18276757]  [MGI Ref ID J:136020]

Fleenor D; Oden J; Kelly PA; Mohan S; Alliouachene S; Pende M; Wentz S; Kerr J; Freemark M. 2005. Roles of the lactogens and somatogens in perinatal and postnatal metabolism and growth: studies of a novel mouse model combining lactogen resistance and growth hormone deficiency. Endocrinology 146(1):103-12. [PubMed: 15388648]  [MGI Ref ID J:95779]

Flurkey K; Papaconstantinou J; Miller RA; Harrison DE. 2001. Lifespan extension and delayed immune and collagen aging in mutant mice with defects in growth hormone production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(12):6736-41. [PubMed: 11371619]  [MGI Ref ID J:69878]

Foster MP; Jensen ER; Montecino-Rodriguez E; Leathers H; Horseman N; Dorshkind K. 2000. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice with genetic deficiencies of prolactin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and thyroid hormone. Clin Immunol 96(2):140-9. [PubMed: 10900161]  [MGI Ref ID J:63735]

Gaylinn BD; Dealmeida VI; Lyons CE Jr; Wu KC; Mayo KE; Thorner MO. 1999. The mutant growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor of the little mouse does not bind GHRH. Endocrinology 140(11):5066-74. [PubMed: 10537133]  [MGI Ref ID J:58346]

Godfrey P; Rahal JO; Beamer WG; Copeland NG; Jenkins NA; Mayo KE. 1993. GHRH receptor of little mice contains a missense mutation in the extracellular domain that disrupts receptor function. Nat Genet 4(3):227-32. [PubMed: 8395283]  [MGI Ref ID J:12846]

Greenhalgh CJ; Rico-Bautista E; Lorentzon M; Thaus AL; Morgan PO; Willson TA; Zervoudakis P; Metcalf D; Street I; Nicola NA; Nash AD; Fabri LJ; Norstedt G; Ohlsson C; Flores-Morales A; Alexander WS; Hilton DJ. 2005. SOCS2 negatively regulates growth hormone action in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Invest 115(2):397-406. [PubMed: 15690087]  [MGI Ref ID J:95918]

Herington AC; Harrison D; Graystone J. 1983. Hepatic binding of human and bovine growth hormones and ovine prolactin in the dwarf little mouse. Endocrinology 112(6):2032-8. [PubMed: 6303755]  [MGI Ref ID J:7060]

Iida K; Del Rincon JP; Kim DS; Itoh E; Nass R; Coschigano KT; Kopchick JJ; Thorner MO. 2004. Tissue-specific regulation of growth hormone (GH) receptor and insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression in the pituitary and liver of GH-deficient (lit/lit) mice and transgenic mice that overexpress bovine GH (bGH) or a bGH antagonist. Endocrinology 145(4):1564-70. [PubMed: 14726438]  [MGI Ref ID J:105653]

Iida K; Itoh E; Kim DS; del Rincon JP; Coschigano KT; Kopchick JJ; Thorner MO. 2004. Muscle mechano growth factor is preferentially induced by growth hormone in growth hormone-deficient lit/lit mice. J Physiol 560(Pt 2):341-9. [PubMed: 15308683]  [MGI Ref ID J:133848]

Iida K; del Rincon JP; Kim DS; Itoh E; Coschigano KT; Kopchick JJ; Thorner MO. 2004. Regulation of full-length and truncated growth hormone (GH) receptor by GH in tissues of lit/lit or bovine GH transgenic mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287(3):E566-73. [PubMed: 15165994]  [MGI Ref ID J:133236]

Ikushima H; Kanaoka M; Kojima S. 2003. Cutting edge: Requirement for growth hormone-releasing hormone in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 171(6):2769-72. [PubMed: 12960295]  [MGI Ref ID J:85381]

Itoh E; Iida K; del Rincon JP; Kim DS; Thorner MO. 2004. Diurnal variation in growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in liver and skeletal muscle of lit/+ and lit/lit mice. Endocr J 51(6):529-35. [PubMed: 15644570]  [MGI Ref ID J:103494]

Jansson JO; Downs TR; Beamer WG; Frohman LA. 1986. Receptor-associated resistance to growth hormone-releasing factor in dwarf little mice. Science 232(4749):511-2. [PubMed: 3008329]  [MGI Ref ID J:8252]

Johnson D; al-Shawi R; Bishop JO. 1995. Sexual dimorphism and growth hormone induction of murine pheromone-binding proteins. J Mol Endocrinol 14(1):21-34. [PubMed: 7772239]  [MGI Ref ID J:24099]

Kasukawa Y; Baylink DJ; Guo R; Mohan S. 2003. Evidence that sensitivity to growth hormone (GH) is growth period and tissue type dependent: studies in GH-deficient lit/lit mice. Endocrinology 144(9):3950-7. [PubMed: 12933669]  [MGI Ref ID J:85595]

Lehman DM; Hale DE; Cody JT; Harrison JM; Leach RJ. 1999. Molecular, morphometric and functional analyses demonstrate that the growth hormone deficient little mouse is not hypomyelinated. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 116(2):191-9. [PubMed: 10521563]  [MGI Ref ID J:57626]

Liang H; Masoro EJ; Nelson JF; Strong R; McMahan CA; Richardson A. 2003. Genetic mouse models of extended lifespan. Exp Gerontol 38(11-12):1353-64. [PubMed: 14698816]  [MGI Ref ID J:87700]

Lin SC; Lin CR; Gukovsky I; Lusis AJ; Sawchenko PE; Rosenfeld MG. 1993. Molecular basis of the little mouse phenotype and implications for cell type-specific growth [see comments] Nature 364(6434):208-13. [PubMed: 8391647]  [MGI Ref ID J:13404]

Majeed N; Blouin MJ; Kaplan-Lefko PJ; Barry-Shaw J; Greenberg NM; Gaudreau P; Bismar TA; Pollak M. 2005. A germ line mutation that delays prostate cancer progression and prolongs survival in a murine prostate cancer model. Oncogene 24(29):4736-40. [PubMed: 15870705]  [MGI Ref ID J:99544]

Montecino-Rodriguez E; Clark RG; Powell-Braxton L; Dorshkind K. 1997. Primary B cell development is impaired in mice with defects of the pituitary/thyroid axis. J Immunol 159(6):2712-9. [PubMed: 9300691]  [MGI Ref ID J:110683]

Niermann GL; Watson GL. 1999. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I enhance beta-glucuronidase gene activation by androgen in mouse kidney. Mol Cell Endocrinol 153(1-2):47-55. [PubMed: 10459853]  [MGI Ref ID J:56310]

Nissley SP; Knazek RA; Wolff GL. 1980. Somatomedin activity in sera of genetically small mice. Horm Metab Res 12(4):158-64. [PubMed: 7390396]  [MGI Ref ID J:6340]

Obal F Jr; Alt J; Taishi P; Gardi J; Krueger JM. 2003. Sleep in mice with nonfunctional growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 284(1):R131-9. [PubMed: 12388430]  [MGI Ref ID J:82887]

Pati D; Zhang N; Plon SE. 2002. Linking sister chromatid cohesion and apoptosis: role of rad21. Mol Cell Biol 22(23):8267-77. [PubMed: 12417729]  [MGI Ref ID J:80123]

Phelps CJ. 1994. Pituitary hormones as neurotrophic signals: anomalous hypophysiotrophic neuron differentiation in hypopituitary dwarf mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 206(1):6-23. [PubMed: 7910409]  [MGI Ref ID J:18152]

Phillips JA 3d; Beamer WG; Bartke A. 1982. Analysis of growth hormone genes in mice with genetic defects of growth hormone expression. J Endocrinol 92(3):405-7. [PubMed: 7069343]  [MGI Ref ID J:6741]

Puche RC; Alloatti R; Chapo G. 2002. Growth and development of male 'little' mice assessed with Parks' theory of feeding and growth. Growth Dev Aging 66(2):71-8. [PubMed: 12537301]  [MGI Ref ID J:81023]

Richards RG; Klotz DM; Walker MP; Diaugustine RP. 2004. Mammary gland branching morphogenesis is diminished in mice with a deficiency of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), but not in mice with a liver-specific deletion of IGF-I. Endocrinology 145(7):3106-10. [PubMed: 15059953]  [MGI Ref ID J:105630]

Sharma MC; Agrawal AK; Sharma MR; Shapiro BH. 1998. Interactions of gender, growth hormone, and phenobarbital induction on murine Cyp2b expression. Biochem Pharmacol 56(9):1251-8. [PubMed: 9802338]  [MGI Ref ID J:50483]

Sharma Y; Flurkey K; Astle CM; Harrison DE. 2005. Mice severely deficient in growth hormone have normal hematopoiesis. Exp Hematol 33(7):776-83. [PubMed: 15963853]  [MGI Ref ID J:99029]

Wilson DB; Wyatt DP. 1992. Adrenocorticotropic cell distribution in adult and embryonic pituitaries of the little (lit) mutant mouse. Anat Embryol (Berl) 186(4):347-53. [PubMed: 1329576]  [MGI Ref ID J:15586]

Wilson DB; Wyatt DP. 1986. Growth hormone and prolactin immunoreactivity in the pituitary gland of postnatal little (lit) mice. Histol Histopathol 1(4):309-13. [PubMed: 2980124]  [MGI Ref ID J:802]

Wilson DB; Wyatt DP. 1992. Histopathology of the pituitary gland in neonatal little (lit) mutant mice. Histol Histopathol 7(3):451-5. [PubMed: 1504465]  [MGI Ref ID J:3198]

Wong JH; Dukes J; Levy RE; Sos B; Mason SE; Fong TS; Weiss EJ. 2008. Sex differences in thrombosis in mice are mediated by sex-specific growth hormone secretion patterns. J Clin Invest 118(8):2969-78. [PubMed: 18618017]  [MGI Ref ID J:140880]

Woodall SM; Breier BH; O'Sullivan U; Gluckman PD. 1991. The effect of the frequency of subcutaneous insulin-like growth factor-1 administration on weight gain in growth hormone deficient mice. Horm Metab Res 23(12):581-4. [PubMed: 1778592]  [MGI Ref ID J:1793]

del Rincon JP; Iida K; Gaylinn BD; McCurdy CE; Leitner JW; Barbour LA; Kopchick JJ; Friedman JE; Draznin B; Thorner MO. 2007. Growth hormone regulation of p85alpha expression and phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity in adipose tissue: mechanism for growth hormone-mediated insulin resistance. Diabetes 56(6):1638-46. [PubMed: 17363744]  [MGI Ref ID J:126470]

Prkdcscid related

Ahsmann EJ; van Tol MJ; Oudeman-Gruber J; Lokhorst H; Uytdehaag FG; Schuurman HJ; Bloem AC. 1995. The SCID mouse as a model for multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 89(2):319-27. [PubMed: 7873382]  [MGI Ref ID J:22989]

Akiba H; Takeda K; Kojima Y; Usui Y; Harada N; Yamazaki T; Ma J; Tezuka K; Yagita H; Okumura K. 2005. The role of ICOS in the CXCR5+ follicular B helper T cell maintenance in vivo. J Immunol 175(4):2340-8. [PubMed: 16081804]  [MGI Ref ID J:107507]

Al-Qaoud KM; Fleischer B; Hoerauf A. 1998. The Xid defect imparts susceptibility to experimental murine filariosis--association with a lack of antibody and IL-10 production by B cells in response to phosphorylcholine. Int Immunol 10(1):17-25. [PubMed: 9488152]  [MGI Ref ID J:110480]

Alba A; Puertas MC; Carrillo J; Planas R; Ampudia R; Pastor X; Bosch F; Pujol-Borrell R; Verdaguer J; Vives-Pi M. 2004. IFNbeta accelerates autoimmune type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice and breaks the tolerance to beta cells in nondiabetes-prone mice. J Immunol 173(11):6667-75. [PubMed: 15557158]  [MGI Ref ID J:94366]

Alugupalli KR; Gerstein RM; Chen J; Szomolanyi-Tsuda E; Woodland RT; Leong JM. 2003. The resolution of relapsing fever borreliosis requires IgM and is concurrent with expansion of B1b lymphocytes. J Immunol 170(7):3819-27. [PubMed: 12646649]  [MGI Ref ID J:125443]

Ambrosino E; Spadaro M; Iezzi M; Curcio C; Forni G; Musiani P; Wei WZ; Cavallo F. 2006. Immunosurveillance of Erbb2 carcinogenesis in transgenic mice is concealed by a dominant regulatory T-cell self-tolerance. Cancer Res 66(15):7734-40. [PubMed: 16885376]  [MGI Ref ID J:112102]

Amrani A; Verdaguer J; Anderson B; Utsugi T; Bou S; Santamaria P. 1999. Perforin-independent beta-cell destruction by diabetogenic CD8(+) T lymphocytes in transgenic nonobese diabetic mice. J Clin Invest 103(8):1201-9. [PubMed: 10207172]  [MGI Ref ID J:108737]

Anderson MG; Nair KS; Amonoo LA; Mehalow A; Trantow CM; Masli S; John SW. 2008. GpnmbR150X allele must be present in bone marrow derived cells to mediate DBA/2J glaucoma. BMC Genet 9:30. [PubMed: 18402690]  [MGI Ref ID J:134670]

Andoh M; Zhang G; Russell-Lodrigue KE; Shive HR; Weeks BR; Samuel JE. 2007. T Cells Are Essential for Bacterial Clearance, and Gamma Interferon, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, and B Cells Are Crucial for Disease Development in Coxiella burnetii Infection in Mice. Infect Immun 75(7):3245-55. [PubMed: 17438029]  [MGI Ref ID J:122426]

Araki R; Fujimori A; Hamatani K; Mita K; Saito T; Mori M; Fukumura R; Morimyo M; Muto M; Itoh M; Tatsumi K; Abe M. 1997. Nonsense mutation at Tyr-4046 in the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit of severe combined immune deficiency mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94(6):2438-43. [PubMed: 9122213]  [MGI Ref ID J:39329]

Ashkar AA; Di Santo JP; Croy BA. 2000. Interferon gamma contributes to initiation of uterine vascular modification, decidual integrity, and uterine natural killer cell maturation during normal murine pregnancy [see comments] J Exp Med 192(2):259-70. [PubMed: 10899912]  [MGI Ref ID J:63645]

Aspord C; Rome S; Thivolet C. 2004. Early events in islets and pancreatic lymph nodes in autoimmune diabetes. J Autoimmun 23(1):27-35. [PubMed: 15236750]  [MGI Ref ID J:91668]

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