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Type Congenic; Mutant Strain; Targeted Mutation; Additional information on Genetically Engineered Mutant Mice. Species laboratory mouse Background Strain C57BL/6 Donor Strain 129S2 via D3 ES cell line Generation N11 (26-FEB-06) Donating Investigator Malcolm Low, Oregon Health Sciences University Description
Mice with a disrupted D2 dopamine receptor gene display chronic hyperprolactinemia and develop anterior lobe lactotrophhyperplasia without evidence of adenomatous transformation. Homozygous mutant mice have no hyperplasia of the intermediate lobe melanotrophs. Aged female D2 receptor homozygous mice develop uterine adenomyosis in response to prolonged prolactin exposure. They also exhibit a locomotor deficit manifested as a 50% reduction in activity and decreased initiation of movement. Female homozygous mice develop prolactinomas of the anterior pituitary gland. Homozygous mice exhibit decreased sensitivity to the rewarding and locomotor effects of ethanol. Drd2tm1Low mice may provide a model for Parkinson's disease.
| Control | ||
|---|---|---|
| 000664 C57BL/6J | ||
| Considerations for Choosing Controls | ||
Congenic Nomenclature
View Mammalian Phenotype Terms
Mammalian Phenotype Terms
assigned by genotype
The following phenotype information may relate to a genetic background differing from this JAX® Mice strain.
Drd2tm1Low/Drd2tm1Low
involves: 129 * C57BL/6
- behavior/neurological phenotype
- abnormal locomotor activation (MGI Ref ID J:102700)
- mutants do not show lower levels of locomotor stimulation in response to a Grm5 antagonist, MPEP, whereas compared to wild-type controls
View Research Applications
Research Applications
This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:
Drd2tm1Low relatedNeurobiology Research
Parkinson's Disease
Receptor Defects (dopamine receptor)
Neurobiology Research
Receptor Defects
| Allele Symbol | Drd2tm1Low | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Allele Name | targeted mutation 1, Malcolm J Low | ||
| Allele Type | Targeted (knock-out) | ||
| Common Name(s) | D2 KO; D2-; D2KO; Drd2-; | ||
| Mutation Made By | Malcolm Low, Oregon Health Sciences University | ||
| Strain of Origin | 129S2/SvPas | ||
| ES Cell Line Name | D3 | ||
| ES Cell Line Strain | 129S2/SvPas | ||
| Gene Symbol and Name | Drd2, dopamine receptor 2 | ||
| Chromosome | 9 | ||
| Gene Common Name(s) | D2 receptor; D2DR; D2R; Drd-2; dopamine D2 receptor; | ||
| Inducible Note | J:134260 used Jax mice. | ||
| Molecular Note | A genomic fragment containing exon 7 and part of exon 8 was replaced by a neomycin resistance cassette. [MGI Ref ID J:41858] | ||
Genotyping Protocols
Drd2tm1Low, STD PCR, vers. 1
Helpful Links
Optimizing PCR Protocols
Kelly MA; Rubinstein M; Asa SL; Zhang G; Saez C; Bunzow JR; Allen RG ; Hnasko R ; Ben-Jonathan N ; Grandy DK ; Low MJ. 1997. Pituitary lactotroph hyperplasia and chronic hyperprolactinemia in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice. Neuron 19(1):103-13. [PubMed: 9247267] [MGI Ref ID J:41858]
Drd2tm1Low relatedAsa SL; Kelly MA; Grandy DK; Low MJ. 1999. Pituitary lactotroph adenomas develop after prolonged lactotroph hyperplasia in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice. Endocrinology 140(11):5348-55. [PubMed: 10537166] [MGI Ref ID J:58342]
Cepeda C; Hurst RS; Altemus KL; Flores-Hernandez J; Calvert CR; Jokel ES; Grandy DK; Low MJ; Rubinstein M; Ariano MA; Levine MS. 2001. Facilitated glutamatergic transmission in the striatum of D2 dopamine receptor-deficient mice. J Neurophysiol 85(2):659-70. [PubMed: 11160501] [MGI Ref ID J:103965]
Chakroborty D; Chowdhury UR; Sarkar C; Baral R; Dasgupta PS; Basu S. 2008. Dopamine regulates endothelial progenitor cell mobilization from mouse bone marrow in tumor vascularization. J Clin Invest 118(4):1380-9. [PubMed: 18340382] [MGI Ref ID J:135975]
Chausmer AL; Elmer GI; Rubinstein M; Low MJ; Grandy DK; Katz JL. 2002. Cocaine-induced locomotor activity and cocaine discrimination in dopamine D2 receptor mutant mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 163(1):54-61. [PubMed: 12185400] [MGI Ref ID J:103795]
Chen JF; Moratalla R; Impagnatiello F; Grandy DK; Cuellar B; Rubinstein M; Beilstein MA; Hackett E; Fink JS; Low MJ; Ongini E; Schwarzschild MA. 2001. The role of the D(2) dopamine receptor (D(2)R) in A(2A) adenosine receptor (A(2A)R)-mediated behavioral and cellular responses as revealed by A(2A) and D(2) receptor knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(4):1970-5. [PubMed: 11172060] [MGI Ref ID J:67550]
Clifford JJ; Kinsella A; Tighe O; Rubinstein M; Grandy DK; Low MJ; Croke DT; Waddington JL. 2001. Comparative, topographically-based evaluation of behavioural phenotype and specification of D(1)-like:D(2) interactions in a line of incipient congenic mice with D(2) dopamine receptor 'knockout'. Neuropsychopharmacology 25(4):527-36. [PubMed: 11557166] [MGI Ref ID J:106290]
Crandall JE; McCarthy DM; Araki KY; Sims JR; Ren JQ; Bhide PG. 2007. Dopamine receptor activation modulates GABA neuron migration from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 27(14):3813-22. [PubMed: 17409246] [MGI Ref ID J:121219]
Cristina C; Diaz-Torga G; Baldi A; Gongora A; Rubinstein M; Low MJ; Becu-Villalobos D. 2005. Increased pituitary vascular endothelial growth factor-a in dopaminergic D2 receptor knockout female mice. Endocrinology 146(7):2952-62. [PubMed: 15817666] [MGI Ref ID J:129824]
Cristina C; Diaz-Torga G; Gongora A; Guida MC; Perez-Millan MI; Baldi A; Becu-Villalobos D. 2007. Fibroblast growth factor-2 in hyperplastic pituitaries of D2R knockout female mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293(5):E1341-51. [PubMed: 17848635] [MGI Ref ID J:129379]
Cristina C; Diaz-Torga GS; Goya RG; Kakar SS; Perez-Millan MI; Passos VQ; Giannella-Neto D; Bronstein MD; Becu-Villalobos D. 2007. PTTG expression in different experimental and human prolactinomas in relation to dopaminergic control of lactotropes. Mol Cancer 6:4. [PubMed: 17222350] [MGI Ref ID J:121484]
Cunningham CL; Howard MA; Gill SJ; Rubinstein M; Low MJ; Grandy DK. 2000. Ethanol-conditioned place preference is reduced in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 67(4):693-9. [PubMed: 11166059] [MGI Ref ID J:102654]
Diaz-Torga G; Feierstein C; Libertun C; Gelman D; Kelly MA; Low MJ; Rubinstein M; Becu-Villalobos D. 2002. Disruption of the D2 dopamine receptor alters GH and IGF-I secretion and causes dwarfism in male mice. Endocrinology 143(4):1270-9. [PubMed: 11897683] [MGI Ref ID J:106832]
Dockstader CL; Rubinstein M; Grandy DK; Low MJ; van der Kooy D. 2001. The D2 receptor is critical in mediating opiate motivation only in opiate-dependent and withdrawn mice. Eur J Neurosci 13(5):995-1001. [PubMed: 11264672] [MGI Ref ID J:75904]
Dracheva S; Haroutunian V. 2001. Locomotor behavior of dopamine D1 receptor transgenic/D2 receptor deficient hybrid mice. Brain Res 905(1-2):142-51. [PubMed: 11423089] [MGI Ref ID J:70357]
Elmer GI; Pieper JO; Levy J; Rubinstein M; Low MJ; Grandy DK; Wise RA. 2005. Brain stimulation and morphine reward deficits in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 182(1):33-44. [PubMed: 16136297] [MGI Ref ID J:114311]
Fowler SC; Zarcone TJ; Vorontsova E; Chen R. 2002. Motor and associative deficits in D2 dopamine receptor knockout mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 20(3-5):309-21. [PubMed: 12175868] [MGI Ref ID J:100036]
Hayward MD; Low MJ. 2005. Naloxone's suppression of spontaneous and food-conditioned locomotor activity is diminished in mice lacking either the dopamine D(2) receptor or enkephalin. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 140(1-2):91-8. [PubMed: 16125819] [MGI Ref ID J:124309]
Hentges ST; Low MJ. 2002. Ovarian dependence for pituitary tumorigenesis in d2 dopamine receptor-deficient mice. Endocrinology 143(12):4536-43. [PubMed: 12446580] [MGI Ref ID J:80287]
Huey KA; Low MJ; Kelly MA; Juarez R; Szewczak JM; Powell FL. 2000. Ventilatory responses to acute and chronic hypoxia in mice: effects of dopamine D(2) receptors. J Appl Physiol 89(3):1142-50. [PubMed: 10956362] [MGI Ref ID J:130701]
Ito M; Numachi Y; Ohara A; Sora I. 2008. Hyperthermic and lethal effects of methamphetamine: Roles of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors. Neurosci Lett 438(3):327-9. [PubMed: 18486343] [MGI Ref ID J:137069]
Kachroo A; Orlando LR; Grandy DK; Chen JF; Young AB; Schwarzschild MA. 2005. Interactions between metabotropic glutamate 5 and adenosine A2A receptors in normal and parkinsonian mice. J Neurosci 25(45):10414-9. [PubMed: 16280580] [MGI Ref ID J:102700]
Kelly MA; Rubinstein M; Phillips TJ; Lessov CN; Burkhart-Kasch S; Zhang G; Bunzow JR; Fang Y; Gerhardt GA; Grandy DK; Low MJ. 1998. Locomotor activity in D2 dopamine receptor-deficient mice is determined by gene dosage, genetic background, and developmental adaptations. J Neurosci 18(9):3470-9. [PubMed: 9547254] [MGI Ref ID J:47001]
Kruzich PJ; Grandy DK. 2004. Dopamine D2 receptors mediate two-odor discrimination and reversal learning in C57BL/6 mice. BMC Neurosci 5(1):12. [PubMed: 15061865] [MGI Ref ID J:90593]
Kuchenbauer F; Theodoropoulou M; Hopfner U; Stalla J; Renner U; Tonn JC; Low MJ; Arzt E; Stalla GK; Paez-Pereda M. 2003. Laminin inhibits lactotroph proliferation and is reduced in early prolactinoma development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 207(1-2):13-20. [PubMed: 12972179] [MGI Ref ID J:126844]
Li XX; Bek M; Asico LD; Yang Z; Grandy DK; Goldstein DS; Rubinstein M; Eisner GM; Jose PA. 2001. Adrenergic and endothelin B receptor-dependent hypertension in dopamine receptor type-2 knockout mice. Hypertension 38(3):303-8. [PubMed: 11566895] [MGI Ref ID J:103181]
Murer MG; Dziewczapolski G; Salin P; Vila M; Tseng KY; Ruberg M; Rubinstein M; Kelly MA; Grandy DK; Low MJ; Hirsch E; Raisman-Vozari R; Gershanik O. 2000. The indirect basal ganglia pathway in dopamine D(2) receptor-deficient mice. Neuroscience 99(4):643-50. [PubMed: 10974427] [MGI Ref ID J:119592]
Narayanan S; Lam H; Christian L; Levine MS; Grandy D; Rubinstein M; Maidment NT. 2004. Endogenous opioids mediate basal hedonic tone independent of dopamine D-1 or D-2 receptor activation. Neuroscience 124(1):241-6. [PubMed: 14960355] [MGI Ref ID J:90516]
Palmer AA; Low MJ; Grandy DK; Phillips TJ. 2003. Effects of a Drd2 deletion mutation on ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation and sensitization suggest a role for epistasis. Behav Genet 33(3):311-24. [PubMed: 12837020] [MGI Ref ID J:103087]
Phillips TJ; Brown KJ; Burkhart-Kasch S; Wenger CD; Kelly MA; Rubinstein M; Grandy DK; Low MJ. 1998. Alcohol preference and sensitivity are markedly reduced in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors. Nat Neurosci 1(7):610-5. [PubMed: 10196569] [MGI Ref ID J:50787]
Ralph RJ; Varty GB; Kelly MA; Wang YM; Caron MG; Rubinstein M ; Grandy DK ; Low MJ ; Geyer MA. 1999. The dopamine D2, but not D3 or D4, receptor subtype is essential for the disruption of prepulse inhibition produced by amphetamine in mice. J Neurosci 19(11):4627-33. [PubMed: 10341260] [MGI Ref ID J:55027]
Ralph-Williams RJ; Lehmann-Masten V; Otero-Corchon V; Low MJ; Geyer MA. 2002. Differential effects of direct and indirect dopamine agonists on prepulse inhibition: a study in D1 and D2 receptor knock-out mice. J Neurosci 22(21):9604-11. [PubMed: 12417685] [MGI Ref ID J:111572]
Risinger FO; Freeman PA; Rubinstein M; Low MJ; Grandy DK. 2000. Lack of operant ethanol self-administration in dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 152(3):343-50. [PubMed: 11105945] [MGI Ref ID J:103899]
Schuff KG; Hentges ST; Kelly MA; Binart N; Kelly PA; Iuvone PM; Asa SL; Low MJ. 2002. Lack of prolactin receptor signaling in mice results in lactotroph proliferation and prolactinomas by dopamine-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Clin Invest 110(7):973-81. [PubMed: 12370275] [MGI Ref ID J:79683]
Tang K; Low MJ; Grandy DK; Lovinger DM. 2001. Dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity in striatum during in vivo development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(3):1255-60. [PubMed: 11158626] [MGI Ref ID J:127071]
Tillerson JL; Caudle WM; Parent JM; Gong C; Schallert T; Miller GW. 2006. Olfactory discrimination deficits in mice lacking the dopamine transporter or the D2 dopamine receptor. Behav Brain Res 172(1):97-105. [PubMed: 16765459] [MGI Ref ID J:110704]
Tseng KY; Roubert C; Do L; Rubinstein M; Kelly MA; Grandy DK; Low MJ; Gershanik OS; Murer MG; Giros B; Raisman-Vozari R. 2000. Selective increase of Nurr1 mRNA expression in mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons of D2 dopamine receptor-deficient mice Brain Res Mol Brain Res 80(1):1-6. [PubMed: 11039723] [MGI Ref ID J:64369]
Vinkers CH; Risbrough VB; Geyer MA; Caldwell S; Low MJ; Hauger RL. 2007. Role of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in CRF-induced disruption of sensorimotor gating. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 86(3):550-8. [PubMed: 17324452] [MGI Ref ID J:124479]
Wang H; Liang S; Burgdorf J; Wess J; Yeomans J. 2008. Ultrasonic vocalizations induced by sex and amphetamine in M2, M4, M5 muscarinic and D2 dopamine receptor knockout mice. PLoS ONE 3(4):e1893. [PubMed: 18382674] [MGI Ref ID J:134260]
Zahniser NR; Simosky JK; Mayfield RD; Negri CA; Hanania T; Larson GA; Kelly MA; Grandy DK; Rubinstein M; Low MJ; Fredholm BB. 2000. Functional uncoupling of adenosine A(2A) receptors and reduced responseto caffeine in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors. J Neurosci 20(16):5949-57. [PubMed: 10934242] [MGI Ref ID J:112280]
Colony Maintenance
Diet Information LabDiet® 5K52/5K67
| Pricing for USA, Canada and Mexico shipping destinations |
|
*Price(s) in US dollars ($)
Weeks of Age Price* Gender Cryorecovery Fee $1900.00
| Pricing for International shipping destinations |
|
*Price(s) in US dollars ($)
Weeks of Age Price* Gender Cryorecovery Fee $2470.00
| Standard Supply | Repository-Cryopreserved. Must Be Recovered. Please refer to pricing and supply notes for further information. |
|---|---|
| Supply Notes |
|
| Control | ||
|---|---|---|
| 000664 C57BL/6J | ||
| Considerations for Choosing Controls | ||
| USA, Canada and Mexico - Control Pricing Information for Genetically Engineered Mutant Strains. | ||
| International - Control Pricing Information for Genetically Engineered Mutant Strains. | ||
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