Description

Strain Information

Former Names NOD.B6-Pfptm1Sdz    (Changed: 15-DEC-04 ) Type Congenic; Mutant Strain; Targeted Mutation; Additional information on Genetically Engineered Mutant Mice. Species laboratory mouse Background Strain NOD/ShiLt Donor Strain C57BL/6 via B6III ES cell line H2 Haplotype g7 Generation N9 (14-MAR-04)   Donating Investigator David Kagi,   Ontario Cancer Institute, Rm8-622

Appearance
albino, pink eyed
Related Genotype: A/A Tyr^c/Tyr^c

Description
Mice homozygous for the Prf1^tm1Sdz targeted mutation are viable and fertile. Homozygous mutant mice on an autoimmune type 1 diabetes prone NOD background have normal numbers of CD4^- CD8⁺ T cells in the spleen. CD4^- CD8^- expressing T lymphocytes were also normal. NOD mice show a progressive infilitatraion of mononuclear cells into pancreatic islets beginning around 5 weeks of age. NOD wildtype and PRF1 deficient mice show similar development of insulititis. However, disease incidence was decreased from 77% in wildtype females to 16% in homozygotes. The onset of disease was also delayed from a median of 19 weeks to 39.5 weeks of age. These results show the importance of perforin-mediated cytotoxic T cells in development of autoimmune diabetes. (Kagi et al., 1994; Kagi et al., 1997.)

Development
The endogenous perforin (Prf1) gene was disrupted by the insertion of a targeting construct into the third exon of the gene without deletion of coding sequence. The 3.3 kb targeting construct consisted of exon 3, a portion of the preceding intron, and a selective neomycin resistance cassette. Positive BL/6III ES cells (derived from C57BL/6), as determined by Southern Blot analysis, were injected into BALB/c blastocysts. Chimeric mice were bred with C57BL/6 to create individuals heterozygous for the disrupted Prf1 gene, which were then intercrossed to obtain homozygous mutant mice on the C57BL/6 background (Stock# 002407). Homozygous mutant mice were confirmed to lack the PRF1 protein by the absence of PRF1 antibody staining of stimulated spleen cells. The mutation was transferred to the NOD background via at least seven backcrosses after which heterozygous individuals were intercrossed to produce homozygous mutant mice on the NOD background. This strain has been maintained by sibling mating homozygous mice. (Kagi et al., 1994; Kagi et al., 1997.)

Control Information

	Control
	001976 NOD/ShiLtJ
		Additional control strains are available depending on the researchers needs. Please refer to JAX Notes No. 477 for a complete list of control strains available for NOD/LtJ mice in diabetes research. JAX Notes .
Considerations for Choosing Controls

Related Strains

Strains carrying   Prf1^tm1Sdz allele

002407	C57BL/6-Prf1tm1Sdz/J
004848	NOD.Cg-Rag1tm1Mom Prf1tm1Sdz/SzJ

View Strains carrying   Prf1^tm1Sdz     (2 strains)

Additional Web Information

Congenic Nomenclature

Phenotype

Phenotype Information

View Related Disease (OMIM) Terms

Related Disease (OMIM) Terms

Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent; IDDM - Models with phenotypic similarity to human disease where etiologies are distinct.2

2 Human genes are associated with this disease. Orthologs of those genes do not appear in the mouse genotype(s).

View Mammalian Phenotype Terms

Mammalian Phenotype Terms

      assigned by genotype

Prf1^tm1Sdz/Prf1⁺

        NOD.B6-Prf1^tm1Sdz

• immune system phenotype
• decreased susceptibility to autoimmune diabetes (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • female heterozygous NOD mice show a delayed incidence (median: week 27) in development of diabetes (determined by high blood glucose) with an incidence of 67% compared to early onset (median: week 19) with an incidence of 77% in control NOD mice
• insulitis (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • at 8 weeks of age, insulitis is seen to varying degrees in perforin-null and heterozygous mice; by 55 weeks of age, in non-diabetic null mice, severe insulitis develops with a higher frequency than in perforin- expressing NOD controls
• periinsulitis (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • periinsulitis is observed in 8-week old perforin-null and heterozygous mice with little islet cell damage, compared to detection at 5 weeks in control NOD mice
• endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
• insulitis (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • at 8 weeks of age, insulitis is seen to varying degrees in perforin-null and heterozygous mice; by 55 weeks of age, in non-diabetic null mice, severe insulitis develops with a higher frequency than in perforin- expressing NOD controls
• periinsulitis (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • periinsulitis is observed in 8-week old perforin-null and heterozygous mice with little islet cell damage, compared to detection at 5 weeks in control NOD mice
• digestive/alimentary phenotype
• insulitis (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • at 8 weeks of age, insulitis is seen to varying degrees in perforin-null and heterozygous mice; by 55 weeks of age, in non-diabetic null mice, severe insulitis develops with a higher frequency than in perforin- expressing NOD controls
• periinsulitis (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • periinsulitis is observed in 8-week old perforin-null and heterozygous mice with little islet cell damage, compared to detection at 5 weeks in control NOD mice

Prf1^tm1Sdz/Prf1^tm1Sdz

        NOD.B6-Prf1^tm1Sdz

• homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
• abnormal circulating glucose level (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • after cyclophosphamide treatment, perforin-null NOD mice display temporary hyperglycemia but return to normoglycemia while control NOD mice become hyperglycemic and often die as a result
• increased sensitivity to xenobiotics (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • cyclophosphamide treatment of 8-12 week old NOD control and perforin-heterozygous NOD mice on day 0 and 12 induces diabetes at an incidence of 80-90% after the second treatment between 24 and 30 days, while diabetes occurs in 18% of homozygous NOD mutants between 32 and 38 days
• endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
• decreased pancreatic beta cell number (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • diabetic perforin-null mice have a drastically reduced volume density of endocrine islet tissue (beta cells) compared with 7-week old control NOD mice
• insulitis (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • at 8 weeks of age, insulitis is seen to varying degrees in perforin-null and heterozygous mice; by 55 weeks of age, in non-diabetic null mice, severe insulitis develops with a higher frequency than in perforin-expressing NOD controls
• periinsulitis (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • periinsulitis is observed in 8-week old perforin-null and heterozygous mice with little islet cell damage, compared to detection at 5 weeks in control NOD mice
• immune system phenotype
• decreased susceptibility to autoimmune diabetes (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • female perforin-null NOD mice show significantly decrease incidence of diabetes (16%) with a delayed onset between 35 and 41 weeks, while control NOD mice, diabetes occurred between 15 and 30 weeks of age with an incidence of 77%; male control NOD mice show less than 20% incidence of diabetes, while no null NOD mice develop diabetes
• insulitis (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • at 8 weeks of age, insulitis is seen to varying degrees in perforin-null and heterozygous mice; by 55 weeks of age, in non-diabetic null mice, severe insulitis develops with a higher frequency than in perforin-expressing NOD controls
• periinsulitis (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • periinsulitis is observed in 8-week old perforin-null and heterozygous mice with little islet cell damage, compared to detection at 5 weeks in control NOD mice
• digestive/alimentary phenotype
• decreased pancreatic beta cell number (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • diabetic perforin-null mice have a drastically reduced volume density of endocrine islet tissue (beta cells) compared with 7-week old control NOD mice
• insulitis (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • at 8 weeks of age, insulitis is seen to varying degrees in perforin-null and heterozygous mice; by 55 weeks of age, in non-diabetic null mice, severe insulitis develops with a higher frequency than in perforin-expressing NOD controls
• periinsulitis (MGI Ref ID J:43468)
  • periinsulitis is observed in 8-week old perforin-null and heterozygous mice with little islet cell damage, compared to detection at 5 weeks in control NOD mice

View Research Applications

Research Applications

This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:

Diabetes and Obesity Research
Type 1 Diabetes (IDDM) Analysis Strains (NOD Congenics with Mutations Affecting Cytokine Production by Autoreactive T Cells)

Prf1^tm1Sdz related

Apoptosis Research
Extracellular Modulators

Immunology and Inflammation Research
Immunodeficiency Associated with Other Defects

Genes & Alleles

Gene & Allele Information

Allele Symbol		Prf1tm1Sdz
Allele Name		targeted mutation 1, Sandoz Pharmaceutical
Allele Type		Targeted (knock-out)
Common Name(s)		P0; Pfptm1Sdz; Prf1-; perf-; perforin 0; pfp-; pko;
Mutation Made By		Birgit Lederman,   University of Zurich
Strain of Origin		C57BL/6
ES Cell Line Name		BL/6-III
ES Cell Line Strain		C57BL/6
Gene Symbol and Name		Prf1, perforin 1 (pore forming protein)
Chromosome		10
Gene Common Name(s)		Cyta; FLH2; HPLH2; MGC108712; MGC65093; P1; PFN1; PFP; Pfn; Pfp; Prf-1; RATCYTA; perforin; perforin 1; pore forming protein;
Molecular Note		A neomycin selection cassette was inserted into exon 3. RT-PCR analysis on RNA derived from homozygous mice demonstrated that an abnormal transcript was produced from this allele. However, immunocytochemistry experiments on activated spleen cells derived from homozygous mice confirmed that no detectable protein was made from this allele. [MGI Ref ID J:17986] [MGI Ref ID J:96542]

Genotyping

Genotyping Information

Genotyping Protocols

Prf1^tm1Sdz, STD PCR, vers. 1

Helpful Links

Optimizing PCR Protocols

References

References

Selected Reference(s)

Kagi D; Odermatt B; Seiler P; Zinkernagel RM; Mak TW; Hengartner H. 1997. Reduced incidence and delayed onset of diabetes in perforin-deficient nonobese diabetic mice. J Exp Med 186(7):989-97. [PubMed: 9314549]  [MGI Ref ID J:43468]

Additional References

Kwon BS; Wakulchik M; Liu CC; Persechini PM; Trapani JA; Haq AK; Kim Y; Young JD. 1989. The structure of the mouse lymphocyte pore-forming protein perforin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 158(1):1-10. [PubMed: 2783549]  [MGI Ref ID J:9554]

Lichtenheld MG; Podack ER. 1992. Structure and function of the murine perforin promoter and upstream region. Reciprocal gene activation or silencing in perforin positive and negative cells. J Immunol 149(8):2619-26. [PubMed: 1401900]  [MGI Ref ID J:2869]

Lowrey DM; Aebischer T; Olsen K; Lichtenheld M; Rupp F; Hengartner H; Podack ER. 1989. Cloning, analysis, and expression of murine perforin 1 cDNA, a component of cytolytic T-cell granules with homology to complement component C9. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86(1):247-51. [PubMed: 2783486]  [MGI Ref ID J:9549]

Trapani JA; Kwon BS; Kozak CA; Chintamaneni C; Young JD; Dupont B. 1990. Genomic organization of the mouse pore-forming protein (perforin) gene and localization to chromosome 10. Similarities to and differences from C9. J Exp Med 171(2):545-57. [PubMed: 2303785]  [MGI Ref ID J:10315]

Prf1^tm1Sdz related

Abdool K; Cretney E; Brooks AD; Kelly JM; Swann J; Shanker A; Bere EW Jr; Yokoyama WM; Ortaldo JR; Smyth MJ; Sayers TJ. 2006. NK cells use NKG2D to recognize a mouse renal cancer (Renca), yet require intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on the tumor cells for optimal perforin-dependent effector function. J Immunol 177(4):2575-83. [PubMed: 16888019]  [MGI Ref ID J:138353]

Alsharifi M; Lobigs M; Simon MM; Kersten A; Muller K; Koskinen A; Lee E; Mullbacher A. 2006. NK cell-mediated immunopathology during an acute viral infection of the CNS. Eur J Immunol 36(4):887-96. [PubMed: 16541469]  [MGI Ref ID J:114787]

Baker MB; Altman NH; Podack ER; Levy RB. 1996. The role of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in acute GVHD after MHC-matched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in mice. J Exp Med 183(6):2645-56. [PubMed: 8676085]  [MGI Ref ID J:33612]

Balkow S; Kersten A; Tran TT; Stehle T; Grosse P; Museteanu C; Utermohlen O; Pircher H; von Weizsacker F; Wallich R; Mullbacher A; Simon MM. 2001. Concerted action of the FasL/Fas and perforin/granzyme A and B pathways is mandatory for the development of early viral hepatitis but not for recovery from viral infection. J Virol 75(18):8781-91. [PubMed: 11507223]  [MGI Ref ID J:71217]

Banuelos SJ; Shultz LD; Greiner DL; Burzenski LM; Gott B; Lyons BL; Rossini AA; Appel MC. 2004. Rejection of human islets and human HLA-A2.1 transgenic mouse islets by alloreactive human lymphocytes in immunodeficient NOD-scid and NOD-Rag1(null)Prf1(null) mice. Clin Immunol 112(3):273-83. [PubMed: 15308121]  [MGI Ref ID J:91764]

Beilke JN; Kuhl NR; Van Kaer L; Gill RG. 2005. NK cells promote islet allograft tolerance via a perforin-dependent mechanism. Nat Med 11(10):1059-65. [PubMed: 16155578]  [MGI Ref ID J:101693]

Bitsaktsis C; Winslow G. 2006. Fatal recall responses mediated by CD8 T cells during intracellular bacterial challenge infection. J Immunol 177(7):4644-51. [PubMed: 16982903]  [MGI Ref ID J:139316]

Blazar BR; Carreno BM; Panoskaltsis-Mortari A; Carter L; Iwai Y; Yagita H; Nishimura H; Taylor PA. 2003. Blockade of programmed death-1 engagement accelerates graft-versus-host disease lethality by an IFN-gamma-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 171(3):1272-7. [PubMed: 12874215]  [MGI Ref ID J:120213]

Blazar BR; Lees CJ; Martin PJ; Noelle RJ; Kwon B; Murphy W; Taylor PA. 2000. Host T cells resist graft-versus-host disease mediated by donor leukocyte infusions. J Immunol 165(9):4901-9. [PubMed: 11046015]  [MGI Ref ID J:118027]

Blohm U; Potthoff D; van der Kogel AJ; Pircher H. 2006. Solid tumors 'melt' from the inside after successful CD8 T cell attack. Eur J Immunol 36(2):468-77. [PubMed: 16385625]  [MGI Ref ID J:113858]

Bokhari SM; Kim KJ; Pinson DM; Slusser J; Yeh HW; Parmely MJ. 2008. NK cells and gamma interferon coordinate the formation and function of hepatic granulomas in mice infected with the Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain. Infect Immun 76(4):1379-89. [PubMed: 18227174]  [MGI Ref ID J:133531]

Bour-Jordan H; Thompson HL; Bluestone JA. 2005. Distinct effector mechanisms in the development of autoimmune neuropathy versus diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Immunol 175(9):5649-55. [PubMed: 16237054]  [MGI Ref ID J:119359]

Chang E; Galle L; Maggs D; Estes DM; Mitchell WJ. 2000. Pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus type 1-induced corneal inflammation in perforin-deficient mice J Virol 74(24):11832-40. [PubMed: 11090183]  [MGI Ref ID J:65895]

Chen L; Woo M; Hakem R; Miller RG. 2003. Perforin-dependent activation-induced cell death acts through caspase 3 but not through caspases 8 or 9. Eur J Immunol 33(3):769-78. [PubMed: 12616497]  [MGI Ref ID J:82433]

Chen M; Wang YH; Wang Y; Huang L; Sandoval H; Liu YJ; Wang J. 2006. Dendritic cell apoptosis in the maintenance of immune tolerance. Science 311(5764):1160-4. [PubMed: 16497935]  [MGI Ref ID J:105747]

Chiarle R; Martinengo C; Mastini C; Ambrogio C; D'Escamard V; Forni G; Inghirami G. 2008. The anaplastic lymphoma kinase is an effective oncoantigen for lymphoma vaccination. Nat Med 14(6):676-80. [PubMed: 18469826]  [MGI Ref ID J:136968]

Choy JC; Kerjner A; Wong BW; McManus BM; Granville DJ. 2004. Perforin mediates endothelial cell death and resultant transplant vascular disease in cardiac allografts. Am J Pathol 165(1):127-33. [PubMed: 15215168]  [MGI Ref ID J:91236]

Christensen JE; Wodarz D; Christensen JP; Thomsen AR. 2004. Perforin and IFN-gamma do not significantly regulate the virus-specific CD8+ T cell response in the absence of antiviral effector activity. Eur J Immunol 34(5):1389-94. [PubMed: 15114672]  [MGI Ref ID J:89390]

Chrobak P; Gress RE. 2001. Veto activity of activated bone marrow does not require perforin and Fas ligand. Cell Immunol 208(2):80-7. [PubMed: 11333140]  [MGI Ref ID J:127838]

Ciurea A; Hunziker L; Martinic MM; Oxenius A; Hengartner H; Zinkernagel RM. 2001. CD4+ T-cell-epitope escape mutant virus selected in vivo. Nat Med 7(7):795-800. [PubMed: 11433343]  [MGI Ref ID J:134010]

Cretney E; Degli-Esposti MA; Densley EH; Farrell HE; Davis-Poynter NJ; Smyth MJ. 1999. m144, a murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-encoded major histocompatibility complex class I homologue, confers tumor resistance to natural killer cell-mediated rejection. J Exp Med 190(3):435-44. [PubMed: 10430631]  [MGI Ref ID J:56787]

Dudek NL; Thomas HE; Mariana L; Sutherland RM; Allison J; Estella E; Angstetra E; Trapani JA; Santamaria P; Lew AM; Kay TW. 2006. Cytotoxic T-cells from T-cell receptor transgenic NOD8.3 mice destroy beta-cells via the perforin and Fas pathways. Diabetes 55(9):2412-8. [PubMed: 16936188]  [MGI Ref ID J:116592]

Duthie MS; Kahn SJ. 2006. During acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection highly susceptible mice deficient in natural killer cells are protected by a single alpha-galactosylceramide treatment. Immunology 119(3):355-61. [PubMed: 16879622]  [MGI Ref ID J:118525]

Dyer CM; Zhan Y; Brady JL; Carbone FR; Smyth MJ; Lew AM. 2004. Unexpectedly, induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes enhances the humoral response after DNA immunization. Blood 103(8):3073-5. [PubMed: 15070687]  [MGI Ref ID J:115473]

Edinger M; Hoffmann P; Ermann J; Drago K; Fathman CG; Strober S; Negrin RS. 2003. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells preserve graft-versus-tumor activity while inhibiting graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation. Nat Med 9(9):1144-50. [PubMed: 12925844]  [MGI Ref ID J:126172]

Ehl S; Hombach J; Aichele P; Rulicke T; Odermatt B; Hengartner H; Zinkernagel R; Pircher H. 1998. Viral and bacterial infections interfere with peripheral tolerance induction and activate CD8+ T cells to cause immunopathology. J Exp Med 187(5):763-74. [PubMed: 9480986]  [MGI Ref ID J:132027]

Epardaud M; Elpek KG; Rubinstein MP; Yonekura AR; Bellemare-Pelletier A; Bronson R; Hamerman JA; Goldrath AW; Turley SJ. 2008. Interleukin-15/interleukin-15R alpha complexes promote destruction of established tumors by reviving tumor-resident CD8+ T cells. Cancer Res 68(8):2972-83. [PubMed: 18413767]  [MGI Ref ID J:133960]

Fehniger TA; Cai SF; Cao X; Bredemeyer AJ; Presti RM; French AR; Ley TJ. 2007. Acquisition of murine NK cell cytotoxicity requires the translation of a pre-existing pool of granzyme B and perforin mRNAs. Immunity 26(6):798-811. [PubMed: 17540585]  [MGI Ref ID J:123588]

Feng HM; Walker DH. 2004. Mechanisms of immunity to Ehrlichia muris: a model of monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. Infect Immun 72(2):966-71. [PubMed: 14742542]  [MGI Ref ID J:87862]

Fujiwara D; Wei B; Presley LL; Brewer S; McPherson M; Lewinski MA; Borneman J; Braun J. 2008. Systemic Control of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells by CD8+ T Cells and Commensal Microbiota. J Immunol 180(9):5843-52. [PubMed: 18424703]  [MGI Ref ID J:134320]

Gondek DC; Lu LF; Quezada SA; Sakaguchi S; Noelle RJ. 2005. Cutting edge: contact-mediated suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells involves a granzyme B-dependent, perforin-independent mechanism. J Immunol 174(4):1783-6. [PubMed: 15699103]  [MGI Ref ID J:96542]

Grayson MH; Cheung D; Rohlfing MM; Kitchens R; Spiegel DE; Tucker J; Battaile JT; Alevy Y; Yan L; Agapov E; Kim EY; Holtzman MJ. 2007. Induction of high-affinity IgE receptor on lung dendritic cells during viral infection leads to mucous cell metaplasia. J Exp Med 204(11):2759-69. [PubMed: 17954569]  [MGI Ref ID J:126124]

Gupta M; Greer P; Mahanty S; Shieh WJ; Zaki SR; Ahmed R; Rollin PE. 2005. CD8-mediated protection against Ebola virus infection is perforin dependent. J Immunol 174(7):4198-202. [PubMed: 15778381]  [MGI Ref ID J:97965]

Hashimoto W; Osaki T; Okamura H; Robbins PD; Kurimoto M; Nagata S; Lotze MT; Tahara H. 1999. Differential antitumor effects of administration of recombinant IL-18 or recombinant IL-12 are mediated primarily by Fas-Fas ligand- and perforin-induced tumor apoptosis, respectively. J Immunol 163(2):583-9. [PubMed: 10395644]  [MGI Ref ID J:56128]

Hayakawa Y; Screpanti V; Yagita H; Grandien A; Ljunggren HG; Smyth MJ; Chambers BJ. 2004. NK cell TRAIL eliminates immature dendritic cells in vivo and limits dendritic cell vaccination efficacy. J Immunol 172(1):123-9. [PubMed: 14688317]  [MGI Ref ID J:87568]

He KM; Ma Y; Wang S; Min WP; Zhong R; Jevnikar A; Zhang ZX. 2007. Donor double-negative Treg promote allogeneic mixed chimerism and tolerance. Eur J Immunol 37(12):3455-66. [PubMed: 18000953]  [MGI Ref ID J:128537]

Hegde S; Niederkorn JY. 2000. The role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in corneal allograft rejection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41(11):3341-7. [PubMed: 11006223]  [MGI Ref ID J:115389]

Hollenbaugh JA; Reome J; Dobrzanski M; Dutton RW. 2004. The rate of the CD8-dependent initial reduction in tumor volume is not limited by contact-dependent perforin, Fas ligand, or TNF-mediated cytolysis. J Immunol 173(3):1738-43. [PubMed: 15265903]  [MGI Ref ID J:92134]

Howe CL; Adelson JD; Rodriguez M. 2007. Absence of perforin expression confers axonal protection despite demyelination. Neurobiol Dis 25(2):354-9. [PubMed: 17112732]  [MGI Ref ID J:119009]

Hunter CA; Yu D; Gee M; Ngo CV; Sevignani C; Goldschmidt M; Golovkina TV; Evans S; Lee WF; Thomas-Tikhonenko A. 2001. Cutting edge: systemic inhibition of angiogenesis underlies resistance to tumors during acute toxoplasmosis. J Immunol 166(10):5878-81. [PubMed: 11342601]  [MGI Ref ID J:124573]

Ismail N; Crossley EC; Stevenson HL; Walker DH. 2007. Relative importance of T-cell subsets in monocytotropic ehrlichiosis: a novel effector mechanism involved in ehrlichia-induced immunopathology in murine ehrlichiosis. Infect Immun 75(9):4608-20. [PubMed: 17562770]  [MGI Ref ID J:123934]

Ito K; Karasawa M; Kawano T; Akasaka T; Koseki H; Akutsu Y; Kondo E; Sekiya S; Sekikawa K; Harada M; Yamashita M; Nakayama T; Taniguchi M. 2000. Involvement of decidual Valpha14 NKT cells in abortion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97(2):740-4. [PubMed: 10639149]  [MGI Ref ID J:59892]

Johansson MH; Taylor MA; Jagodic M; Tus K; Schatzle JD; Wakeland EK; Bennett M. 2006. Mapping of quantitative trait loci determining NK cell-mediated resistance to MHC class I-deficient bone marrow grafts in perforin-deficient mice. J Immunol 177(11):7923-9. [PubMed: 17114464]  [MGI Ref ID J:116666]

Jordan MB; Hildeman D; Kappler J; Marrack P. 2004. An animal model of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH): CD8+ T cells and interferon gamma are essential for the disorder. Blood 104(3):735-43. [PubMed: 15069016]  [MGI Ref ID J:92260]

Kafrouni MI; Brown GR; Thiele DL. 2003. The role of TNF-TNFR2 interactions in generation of CTL responses and clearance of hepatic adenovirus infection. J Leukoc Biol 74(4):564-71. [PubMed: 12960267]  [MGI Ref ID J:85969]

Kagi D; Ho A; Odermatt B; Zakarian A; Ohashi PS; Mak TW. 1999. TNF receptor 1-dependent beta cell toxicity as an effector pathway in autoimmune diabetes. J Immunol 162(8):4598-605. [PubMed: 10201999]  [MGI Ref ID J:120458]

Kagi D; Ledermann B; Burki K; Seiler P; Odermatt B; Olsen KJ; Podack ER; Zinkernagel RM; Hengartner H. 1994. Cytotoxicity mediated by T cells and natural killer cells is greatly impaired in perforin-deficient mice [see comments] Nature 369(6475):31-7. [PubMed: 8164737]  [MGI Ref ID J:17986]

Kagi D; Vignaux F; Ledermann B; Burki K; Depraetere V; Nagata S; Hengartner H; Golstein P. 1994. Fas and perforin pathways as major mechanisms of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Science 265(5171):528-30. [PubMed: 7518614]  [MGI Ref ID J:127697]

Kapp JA; Honjo K; Kapp LM; Xu X; Cozier A; Bucy RP. 2006. TCR transgenic CD8+ T cells activated in the presence of TGFbeta express FoxP3 and mediate linked suppression of primary immune responses and cardiac allograft rejection. Int Immunol 18(11):1549-62. [PubMed: 16966495]  [MGI Ref ID J:114951]

Khan IA; Schwartzman JD; Kasper LH; Moretto M. 1999. CD8+ CTLs are essential for protective immunity against Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. J Immunol 162(10):6086-91. [PubMed: 10229850]  [MGI Ref ID J:120238]

Khan S; van den Broek M; Schwarz K; de Giuli R; Diener PA; Groettrup M. 2001. Immunoproteasomes largely replace constitutive proteasomes during an antiviral and antibacterial immune response in the liver. J Immunol 167(12):6859-68. [PubMed: 11739503]  [MGI Ref ID J:73089]

Klein MA; Frigg R; Flechsig E; Raeber AJ; Kalinke U; Bluethmann H; Bootz F; Suter M; Zinkernagel RM; Aguzzi A. 1997. A crucial role for B cells in neuroinvasive scrapie [see comments] Nature 390(6661):687-90. [PubMed: 9414161]  [MGI Ref ID J:44933]

Laffont S; Seillet C; Ortaldo J; Coudert JD; Guery JC. 2008. Natural killer cells recruited into lymph nodes inhibit alloreactive T-cell activation through perforin-mediated killing of donor allogeneic dendritic cells. Blood 112(3):661-71. [PubMed: 18505782]  [MGI Ref ID J:138424]

Licon Luna RM; Lee E; Mullbacher A; Blanden RV; Langman R; Lobigs M. 2002. Lack of both Fas ligand and perforin protects from flavivirus-mediated encephalitis in mice. J Virol 76(7):3202-11. [PubMed: 11884544]  [MGI Ref ID J:126472]

Lin JS; Yang CW; Wang DW; Wu-Hsieh BA. 2005. Dendritic cells cross-present exogenous fungal antigens to stimulate a protective CD8 T cell response in infection by Histoplasma capsulatum. J Immunol 174(10):6282-91. [PubMed: 15879127]  [MGI Ref ID J:109987]

Lin X; Pease LR; Murray PD; Rodriguez M. 1998. Theiler's virus infection of genetically susceptible mice induces central nervous system-infiltrating CTLs with no apparent viral or major myelin antigenic specificity. J Immunol 160(11):5661-8. [PubMed: 9605173]  [MGI Ref ID J:47789]

Liu B; Mori I; Hossain MJ; Dong L; Chen Z; Kimura Y. 2003. Local immune responses to influenza virus infection in mice with a targeted disruption of perforin gene. Microb Pathog 34(4):161-7. [PubMed: 12668139]  [MGI Ref ID J:119311]

Liu C; Lou Y; Lizee G; Qin H; Liu S; Rabinovich B; Kim GJ; Wang YH; Ye Y; Sikora AG; Overwijk WW; Liu YJ; Wang G; Hwu P. 2008. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce NK cell-dependent, tumor antigen-specific T cell cross-priming and tumor regression in mice. J Clin Invest 118(3):1165-75. [PubMed: 18259609]  [MGI Ref ID J:135308]

Maeda Y; Levy RB; Reddy P; Liu C; Clouthier SG; Teshima T; Ferrara JL. 2005. Both perforin and Fas ligand are required for the regulation of alloreactive CD8+ T cells during acute graft-versus-host disease. Blood 105(5):2023-7. [PubMed: 15466930]  [MGI Ref ID J:98137]

Martin SF; Dudda JC; Delattre V; Bachtanian E; Leicht C; Burger B; Weltzien HU; Simon JC. 2004. Fas-mediated inhibition of CD4+ T cell priming results in dominance of type 1 CD8+ T cells in the immune response to the contact sensitizer trinitrophenyl. J Immunol 173(5):3178-85. [PubMed: 15322178]  [MGI Ref ID J:92718]

Medana I; Li Z; Flugel A; Tschopp J; Wekerle H; Neumann H. 2001. Fas ligand (CD95L) protects neurons against perforin-mediated T lymphocyte cytotoxicity. J Immunol 167(2):674-81. [PubMed: 11441070]  [MGI Ref ID J:109872]

Medema JP; de Jong J; van Hall T; Melief CJ; Offringa R. 1999. Immune escape of tumors in vivo by expression of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein. J Exp Med 190(7):1033-8. [PubMed: 10510093]  [MGI Ref ID J:115086]

Meissner NN; Lund FE; Han S; Harmsen A. 2005. CD8 T cell-mediated lung damage in response to the extracellular pathogen pneumocystis is dependent on MHC class I expression by radiation-resistant lung cells. J Immunol 175(12):8271-9. [PubMed: 16339567]  [MGI Ref ID J:122256]

Mirosavljevic D; Quinn JM; Elliott J; Horwood NJ; Martin TJ; Gillespie MT. 2003. T-cells mediate an inhibitory effect of interleukin-4 on osteoclastogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 18(6):984-93. [PubMed: 12817750]  [MGI Ref ID J:111463]

Mullbacher A; Hla RT; Museteanu C; Simon MM. 1999. Perforin is essential for control of ectromelia virus but not related poxviruses in mice. J Virol 73(2):1665-7. [PubMed: 9882377]  [MGI Ref ID J:120474]

Mullbacher A; Waring P; Tha Hla R; Tran T; Chin S; Stehle T; Museteanu C; Simon MM. 1999. Granzymes are the essential downstream effector molecules for the control of primary virus infections by cytolytic leukocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96(24):13950-5. [PubMed: 10570179]  [MGI Ref ID J:120037]

Muller U; Sobek V; Balkow S; Holscher C; Mullbacher A; Museteanu C; Mossmann H; Simon MM. 2003. Concerted action of perforin and granzymes is critical for the elimination of Trypanosoma cruzi from mouse tissues, but prevention of early host death is in addition dependent onthe FasL/Fas pathway. Eur J Immunol 33(1):70-8. [PubMed: 12594834]  [MGI Ref ID J:81397]

Murray PD; McGavern DB; Lin X; Njenga MK; Leibowitz J; Pease LR; Rodriguez M. 1998. Perforin-dependent neurologic injury in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci 18(18):7306-14. [PubMed: 9736651]  [MGI Ref ID J:120427]

Myers L; Croft M; Kwon BS; Mittler RS; Vella AT. 2005. Peptide-specific CD8 T regulatory cells use IFN-gamma to elaborate TGF-beta-based suppression. J Immunol 174(12):7625-32. [PubMed: 15944263]  [MGI Ref ID J:100786]

Niederkorn JY; Stevens C; Mellon J; Mayhew E. 2006. Differential roles of CD8+ and CD8- T lymphocytes in corneal allograft rejection in 'high-risk' hosts. Am J Transplant 6(4):705-13. [PubMed: 16539627]  [MGI Ref ID J:135761]

Oakley MS; McCutchan TF; Anantharaman V; Ward JM; Faucette L; Erexson C; Mahajan B; Zheng H; Majam V; Aravind L; Kumar S. 2008. Host biomarkers and biological pathways that are associated with the expression of experimental cerebral malaria in mice. Infect Immun 76(10):4518-29. [PubMed: 18644885]  [MGI Ref ID J:140145]

Palma JP; Lee HG; Mohindru M; Kang BS; Dal Canto M; Miller SD; Kim BS. 2001. Enhanced susceptibility to Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease in perforin-deficient mice. J Neuroimmunol 116(2):125-35. [PubMed: 11438167]  [MGI Ref ID J:102966]

Pao LI; Sumaria N; Kelly JM; van Dommelen S; Cretney E; Wallace ME; Anthony DA; Uldrich AP; Godfrey DI; Papadimitriou JM; Mullbacher A; Degli-Esposti MA; Smyth MJ. 2005. Functional analysis of granzyme M and its role in immunity to infection. J Immunol 175(5):3235-43. [PubMed: 16116214]  [MGI Ref ID J:113213]

Pearson T; Shultz LD; Lief J; Burzenski L; Gott B; Chase T; Foreman O; Rossini AA; Bottino R; Trucco M; Greiner DL. 2008. A new immunodeficient hyperglycaemic mouse model based on the Ins2 ( Akita ) mutation for analyses of human islet and beta stem and progenitor cell function. Diabetologia 51(8):1449-56. [PubMed: 18563383]  [MGI Ref ID J:138005]

Peshes-Yaloz N; Rosen D; Sondel PM; Krammer PH; Berke G. 2007. Up-regulation of Fas (CD95) expression in tumour cells in vivo. Immunology 120(4):502-11. [PubMed: 17343612]  [MGI Ref ID J:122702]

Price GE; Huang L; Ou R; Zhang M; Moskophidis D. 2005. Perforin and Fas cytolytic pathways coordinately shape the selection and diversity of CD8+-T-cell escape variants of influenza virus. J Virol 79(13):8545-59. [PubMed: 15956596]  [MGI Ref ID J:99433]

Ramirez-Montagut T; Chow A; Hirschhorn-Cymerman D; Terwey TH; Kochman AA; Lu S; Miles RC; Sakaguchi S; Houghton AN; van den Brink MR. 2006. Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family related gene activation overcomes tolerance/ignorance to melanoma differentiation antigens and enhances antitumor immunity. J Immunol 176(11):6434-42. [PubMed: 16709800]  [MGI Ref ID J:131776]

Riera L; Gariglio M; Pagano M; Gaiola O; Simon MM; Landolfo S. 2001. Control of murine cytomegalovirus replication in salivary glands during acute infection is independent of the Fas ligand/Fas system. New Microbiol 24(3):231-8. [PubMed: 11497079]  [MGI Ref ID J:109866]

Riera L; Gariglio M; Valente G; Mullbacher A; Museteanu C; Landolfo S; Simon MM. 2000. Murine cytomegalovirus replication in salivary glands is controlled by both perforin and granzymes during acute infection. Eur J Immunol 30(5):1350-5. [PubMed: 10820381]  [MGI Ref ID J:62197]

Rottenberg ME; Gigliotti Rothfuchs A; Gigliotti D; Ceausu M; Une C; Levitsky V; Wigzell H. 2000. Regulation and role of IFN-gamma in the innate resistance to infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. J Immunol 164(9):4812-8. [PubMed: 10779789]  [MGI Ref ID J:124531]

Rottenberg ME; Gigliotti Rothfuchs AC; Gigliotti D; Svanholm C; Bandholtz L; Wigzell H. 1999. Role of innate and adaptive immunity in the outcome of primary infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae, as analyzed in genetically modified mice. J Immunol 162(5):2829-36. [PubMed: 10072530]  [MGI Ref ID J:124536]

Sad S; Krishnan L. 1999. Cytokine deprivation of naive CD8+ T cells promotes minimal cell cycling but maximal cytokine synthesis and autonomous proliferation subsequently: a mechanism of self-regulation. J Immunol 163(5):2443-51. [PubMed: 10452979]  [MGI Ref ID J:118912]

Schiller NK; Boisvert WA; Curtiss LK. 2002. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: lesion formation in LDL receptor-deficient mice with perforin and Lyst(beige) mutations. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22(8):1341-6. [PubMed: 12171798]  [MGI Ref ID J:103214]

Seki N; Brooks AD; Carter CR; Back TC; Parsoneault EM; Smyth MJ; Wiltrout RH; Sayers TJ. 2002. Tumor-specific CTL kill murine renal cancer cells using both perforin and Fas ligand-mediated lysis in vitro, but cause tumor regression in vivo in the absence of perforin. J Immunol 168(7):3484-92. [PubMed: 11907109]  [MGI Ref ID J:75575]

Seki N; Hayakawa Y; Brooks AD; Wine J; Wiltrout RH; Yagita H; Tanner JE; Smyth MJ; Sayers TJ. 2003. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated apoptosis is an important endogenous mechanism for resistance to liver metastases in murine renal cancer. Cancer Res 63(1):207-13. [PubMed: 12517799]  [MGI Ref ID J:81226]

Sharma V; Delgado M; Ganea D. 2006. Granzyme B, a new player in activation-induced cell death, is down-regulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide in Th2 but not Th1 effectors. J Immunol 176(1):97-110. [PubMed: 16365400]  [MGI Ref ID J:126251]

Shimamura K; Kawamura H; Nagura T; Kato T; Naito T; Kameyama H; Hatakeyama K; Abo T. 2005. Association of NKT cells and granulocytes with liver injury after reperfusion of the portal vein. Cell Immunol 234(1):31-8. [PubMed: 15963482]  [MGI Ref ID J:100654]

Shultz LD; Banuelos S; Lyons B; Samuels R; Burzenski L; Gott B; Lang P; Leif J; Appel M; Rossini A; Greiner DL. 2003. NOD/LtSz-Rag1nullPfpnull mice: a new model system with increased levels of human peripheral leukocyte and hematopoietic stem-cell engraftment. Transplantation 76(7):1036-42. [PubMed: 14557749]  [MGI Ref ID J:109843]

Shulz M; Schuurman HJ; Joergensen J; Steiner C; Meerloo T; Kagi D; Hengartner H; Schreier MH; Burki K; Ledermann B. 1995. Acute rejection of vascular heart allografts by perforin- deficient mice. Eur J Immunol 25(2):474-480. [PubMed: 7533086]  [MGI Ref ID J:23268]

Smith DJ; McGuire MJ; Tocci MJ; Thiele DL. 1997. IL-1 beta convertase (ICE) does not play a requisite role in apoptosis induced in T lymphoblasts by Fas-dependent or Fas-independent CTL effector mechanisms. J Immunol 158(1):163-70. [PubMed: 8977187]  [MGI Ref ID J:110640]

Smyth MJ; Johnstone RW; Cretney E; Haynes NM; Sedgwick JD; Korner H ; Poulton LD ; Baxter AG. 1999. Multiple deficiencies underlie NK cell inactivity in lymphotoxin-alpha gene-targeted mice. J Immunol 163(3):1350-3. [PubMed: 10415034]  [MGI Ref ID J:56397]

Smyth MJ; Snook MB. 1999. Perforin-dependent cytolytic responses in beta2-microglobulin-deficient mice. Cell Immunol 196(1):51-9. [PubMed: 10486155]  [MGI Ref ID J:57956]

Smyth MJ; Street SE; Trapani JA. 2003. Cutting edge: granzymes A and B are not essential for perforin-mediated tumor rejection. J Immunol 171(2):515-8. [PubMed: 12847210]  [MGI Ref ID J:123462]

Smyth MJ; Swann J; Cretney E; Zerafa N; Yokoyama WM; Hayakawa Y. 2005. NKG2D function protects the host from tumor initiation. J Exp Med 202(5):583-8. [PubMed: 16129707]  [MGI Ref ID J:100684]

Smyth MJ; Thia KY; Cretney E; Kelly JM; Snook MB; Forbes CA; Scalzo AA. 1999. Perforin is a major contributor to NK cell control of tumor metastasis. J Immunol 162(11):6658-62. [PubMed: 10352283]  [MGI Ref ID J:55335]

Smyth MJ; Thia KY; Street SE; Cretney E; Trapani JA; Taniguchi M; Kawano T; Pelikan SB; Crowe NY; Godfrey DI. 2000. Differential tumor surveillance by natural killer (NK) and NKT cells. J Exp Med 191(4):661-8. [PubMed: 10684858]  [MGI Ref ID J:124663]

Smyth MJ; Wallace ME; Nutt SL; Yagita H; Godfrey DI; Hayakawa Y. 2005. Sequential activation of NKT cells and NK cells provides effective innate immunotherapy of cancer. J Exp Med 201(12):1973-85. [PubMed: 15967825]  [MGI Ref ID J:99284]

Spaner D; Raju K; Rabinovich B; Miller RG. 1999. A role for perforin in activation-induced T cell death in vivo: increased expansion of allogeneic perforin-deficient T cells in SCID mice. J Immunol 162(2):1192-9. [PubMed: 9916752]  [MGI Ref ID J:124760]

Spielman J; Lee RK; Podack ER. 1998. Perforin/Fas-ligand double deficiency is associated with macrophage expansion and severe pancreatitis. J Immunol 161(12):7063-70. [PubMed: 9862744]  [MGI Ref ID J:112121]

Strbo N; Oizumi S; Sotosek-Tokmadzic V; Podack ER. 2003. Perforin is required for innate and adaptive immunity induced by heat shock protein gp96. Immunity 18(3):381-90. [PubMed: 12648455]  [MGI Ref ID J:82494]

Street SE; Cretney E; Smyth MJ. 2001. Perforin and interferon-gamma activities independently control tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. Blood 97(1):192-7. [PubMed: 11133760]  [MGI Ref ID J:68550]

Street SE; Hayakawa Y; Zhan Y; Lew AM; MacGregor D; Jamieson AM; Diefenbach A; Yagita H; Godfrey DI; Smyth MJ. 2004. Innate Immune Surveillance of Spontaneous B Cell Lymphomas by Natural Killer Cells and {gamma}{delta} T Cells. J Exp Med 199(6):879-884. [PubMed: 15007091]  [MGI Ref ID J:90480]

Street SE; Trapani JA; MacGregor D; Smyth MJ. 2002. Suppression of lymphoma and epithelial malignancies effected by interferon gamma. J Exp Med 196(1):129-34. [PubMed: 12093877]  [MGI Ref ID J:77491]

Street SE; Zerafa N; Iezzi M; Westwood JA; Stagg J; Musiani P; Smyth MJ. 2007. Host perforin reduces tumor number but does not increase survival in oncogene-driven mammary adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 67(11):5454-60. [PubMed: 17545627]  [MGI Ref ID J:122174]

Takeda K; Cretney E; Hayakawa Y; Ota T; Akiba H; Ogasawara K; Yagita H; Kinoshita K; Okumura K; Smyth MJ. 2005. TRAIL identifies immature natural killer cells in newborn mice and adult mouse liver. Blood 105(5):2082-9. [PubMed: 15536146]  [MGI Ref ID J:98142]

VanLith ML; Kohlgraf KG; Sivinski CL; Tempero RM; Hollingsworth MA. 2002. MUC1-specific anti-tumor responses: molecular requirements for CD4-mediated responses. Int Immunol 14(8):873-82. [PubMed: 12147624]  [MGI Ref ID J:113544]

Wang Y; Lobigs M; Lee E; Mullbacher A. 2004. Exocytosis and Fas mediated cytolytic mechanisms exert protection from West Nile virus induced encephalitis in mice. Immunol Cell Biol 82(2):170-3. [PubMed: 15061770]  [MGI Ref ID J:90852]

Waring P; Mullbacher A. 2001. Cell death mediated by alloreactive cytotoxic T cells via the granule exocytosis or the Fas pathway is independent of p34cdc2 kinase: Fas dependent killing of cells arrested in the cell cycle. Immunol Cell Biol 79(3):264-73. [PubMed: 11380680]  [MGI Ref ID J:110426]

Yang J; Huck SP; McHugh RS; Hermans IF; Ronchese F. 2006. Perforin-dependent elimination of dendritic cells regulates the expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(1):147-52. [PubMed: 16373503]  [MGI Ref ID J:104557]

Zelinskyy G; Balkow S; Schimmer S; Schepers K; Simon MM; Dittmer U. 2004. Independent roles of perforin, granzymes, and Fas in the control of Friend retrovirus infection. Virology 330(2):365-74. [PubMed: 15567431]  [MGI Ref ID J:95485]

Zhao DM; Thornton AM; DiPaolo RJ; Shevach EM. 2006. Activated CD4+CD25+ T cells selectively kill B lymphocytes. Blood 107(10):3925-32. [PubMed: 16418326]  [MGI Ref ID J:132735]

Zhou P; Freidag BL; Caldwell CC; Seder RA. 2001. Perforin is required for primary immunity to Histoplasma capsulatum. J Immunol 166(3):1968-74. [PubMed: 11160245]  [MGI Ref ID J:67094]

van Dommelen SL; Sumaria N; Schreiber RD; Scalzo AA; Smyth MJ; Degli-Esposti MA. 2006. Perforin and granzymes have distinct roles in defensive immunity and immunopathology. Immunity 25(5):835-48. [PubMed: 17088087]  [MGI Ref ID J:116116]

van den Broek ME; Kagi D; Ossendorp F; Toes R; Vamvakas S; Lutz WK ; Melief CJ ; Zinkernagel RM ; Hengartner H. 1996. Decreased tumor surveillance in perforin-deficient mice. J Exp Med 184(5):1781-90. [PubMed: 8920866]  [MGI Ref ID J:36584]

Health & husbandry

Health & Colony Maintenance Information

Currently there no information available for this strain. This may be due to the supply level of this strain.

Purchasing information

Pricing, Supply Level & Notes, Controls, General Terms & Conditions

Pricing

Supply Details

Standard Supply

Repository-Cryopreserved. Must Be Recovered. Please refer to pricing and supply notes for further information.

Supply Notes

Cryorecovery - Standard. The recovery process begins when a signed agreement form is returned to the Customer Service Department after order placement. Although results vary by strain, at least two males and two females (two pairs) will be provided, typically within 15 weeks of our receipt of the signed agreement form. If the first recovery attempt is unsuccessful or only one pair is recovered, a second recovery will be done, extending the delivery time to approximately 25 weeks. At least one member of each pair will be of known genotype and will carry the mutation if it is a mutant strain. Please note that pairs may not reflect the mating scheme utilized by The Jackson Laboratory prior to cryopreservation of the strain. Mating schemes are sometimes modified for successful cryopreservation. Price represents a repository maintenance fee, which includes the cost of recovery of the strain from the cryopreservation resource and the periodic replacement of the frozen embryos used for recovery. Cryorecovery to establish a Dedicated Supply for greater quantities of mice. One to two pairs will be recovered to establish a Dedicated Supply of mice. Price by quotation. For more information on Dedicated Supply, please contact JAX® Services, Tel: 1-800-422-6423 or 1-207-288-5845. This strain is included in the Type 1 Diabetes Repository collection. Genomic DNA is available for this strain from the Mouse DNA Resource.

Control Information

	Control
	001976 NOD/ShiLtJ
		Additional control strains are available depending on the researchers needs. Please refer to JAX Notes No. 477 for a complete list of control strains available for NOD/LtJ mice in diabetes research. JAX Notes .
Considerations for Choosing Controls
USA, Canada and Mexico - Control Pricing Information for Genetically Engineered Mutant Strains.
International - Control Pricing Information for Genetically Engineered Mutant Strains.

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The Jackson Laboratory's Genotype Promise

The Jackson Laboratory has rigorous genetic quality control and mutant gene genotyping programs to ensure the genetic background of JAX^® Mice strains as well as the genotypes of strains with identified molecular mutations. JAX^® Mice strains are only made available to researchers after meeting our standards. However, the phenotype of each strain may not be fully characterized and/or captured in the strain data sheets. Therefore, we cannot guarantee a strain's phenotype will meet all expectations. To ensure that JAX^® Mice will meet the needs of individual research projects or when requesting a strain that is new to your research, we suggest ordering and performing tests on a small number of mice to determine suitability for your particular project.

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JAX^® Mice & Services Conditions of Use

“Each recipient institution, including its employees and other researchers under its control (RECIPIENT), of mice or services using mice from The Jackson Laboratory (TJL) agrees that such mice, descendants of those mice derived by inbreeding or crossbreeding, including unmodified derivatives of those mice or their descendants (“MICE”) shall not be: (i) used for any purpose other than the internal research of the RECIPIENT, (ii) sold or otherwise provided to any third party for any use, or (iii) provided to any agent or other third party to provide breeding or other services with respect to MICE. Acceptance of MICE from TJL shall be deemed agreement by RECIPIENT to these conditions, and departure from these conditions requires The Jackson Laboratory’s prior written authorization.”

In case of dissatisfaction for a valid reason and claimed in writing by a purchaser within ninety (90) days of receipt of MICE, products or services, The Jackson Laboratory will, at its option, provide credit or replacement for the MICE or product received or the services provided.

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In no event shall The Jackson Laboratory, its trustees, directors, officers, employees, and affiliates be liable for any causes of action or damages, including any direct, indirect, special, or consequential damages, arising out of the provision of MICE, products or services, including economic damage or injury to property and lost profits, and including any damage arising from acts or negligence on the part of The Jackson Laboratory, its agents or employees. In purchasing or receiving MICE, products or services from The Jackson Laboratory, purchaser or recipient, or any party claiming by or through them, expressly releases and discharges The Jackson Laboratory from all such causes of action or damages, and further agrees to defend and indemnify The Jackson Laboratory from any costs or damages arising out of any third party claims.

MICE and biological materials are to be used in a safe manner and in accordance with all applicable governmental rules and regulations.

The foregoing represents the General Terms and Conditions applicable to The Jackson Laboratory’s MICE, products and services. In addition, special terms and conditions of sale of certain MICE, products and services may be set forth separately in The Jackson Laboratory web pages, catalogs, price lists, contracts, and/or other documents, and these special terms and conditions shall also govern the sale of these MICE, products and services by The Jackson Laboratory, and by its licensees and distributors.

Acceptance of delivery of MICE, products or services shall be deemed agreement to these terms and conditions. No purchase order or other document transmitted by purchaser or recipient that may modify the terms and conditions hereof, shall be in any way binding on The Jackson Laboratory, and instead the terms and conditions set forth herein, including any special terms and conditions set forth separately, shall govern the sale of MICE, products services by The Jackson Laboratory.