Description

Strain Information

Type Mutant Stock; Targeted Mutation; Additional information on Genetically Engineered and Mutant Mice. Visit our online Nomenclature tutorial. Mating System Homozygote x Homozygote         (Female x Male)   01-MAR-06 Species laboratory mouse Generation N?+2F23 (01-JAN-09) Generation Definitions   Donating Investigator Averil Ma,   University of Chicago

Description
Il15ra mediates the high-affinity binding of Il15, a pleiotropic cytokine implicated in the development of innate immune cells. Mice that are homozygous null for Il15ra are viable and fertile. They are lymphopenic as result of decreased proliferation and homing of lymphocytes to peripheral lymph nodes. As a result, marked hypocellularity of lymph nodes is observed. Deficiencies are seen in levels of natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, CD8⁺ T lymphocytes, TCR delta/gamma intraepithelial lymphocytes and memory phenotype CD8⁺ T cells.

Loss of IL15RA expression has also been shown to induce a functional oxidative shift in fast muscles, substantially increasing fatigue resistance and exercises capacity. Knockout mice run greater distances and have greater ambulatory activity than control animals.

Development
A targeting construct containing a phosphoglyceraldehyde driven neomycin resistance cassette flanked by loxP sequences and a phosphoglyceraldehyde driven thymidine kinase gene cassette was used to replace exons 2 and 3 of the Il15ra gene. The construct was electroporated into RW-4 ES ES cells. Selected ES cells were injected into C57BL/6 blastocysts.

Control Information

	Control
	101045 B6129SF2/J
Considerations for Choosing Controls

Phenotype

Phenotype Information

View Mammalian Phenotype Terms

Mammalian Phenotype Terms provided by MGI

      assigned by genotype

The following phenotype information may relate to a genetic background differing from this JAX^® Mice strain.

Il15ra^tm1Ama/Il15ra^tm1Ama

        involves: 129X1/SvJ

• immune system phenotype
• abnormal NK cell physiology
  • NK cells generated in vitro do not express Ly-49 receptors as normal NK cells do; NK cells differentiated in vivo from transplanted mutant splenic and BM cells show much lower expression of Ly-49 than wild-type NK cells   (MGI Ref ID J:119213)
• • impaired natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
    • mice have no cytolytic NK activity   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
• decreased CD8-positive T cell number
  • mice exhibit a reduction in CD8+ T cells compared to in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
• decreased CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell number
  • marked reduction   (MGI Ref ID J:155298)
• decreased NK T cell number
  • mice exhibit a reduction in NKT and thymic NKT cells compared to in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
• decreased NK cell number
  • in 6 to 12 week-old mice, percentages of NK cells in spleen and bone marrow (BM) or mutants are extremely low   (MGI Ref ID J:119213)
  • however, when spleen and BM progenitors are cultured with appropriate factors (Il-7, SCF, flt3) followed by Il-15, they can differentiate into functional NK cells, if transplanted into wild-type recipients, spleen and BM cells can differentiate in vivo to NK cells   (MGI Ref ID J:119213)
  • mice exhibit a reduction in splenic NK cells compared to in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
• decreased T cell proliferation
  • TCR-activated CD8+ T cells stimulated with 5 ng/mL IL15 exhibit little if any proliferation while stimulation with 50 ng/mL induces reduced proliferation compared to similarly treated wild-type cells   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
  • however, stimulation of TCR-activated CD8+ T cells with 500 ng/mL IL15 induces normal proliferation   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
  • donor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells transplanted into irradiated wild-type mice exhibit reduced cell-cycle progression compared to donor wild-type cellsdonor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells transplanted into irradiated wild-type mice exhibit reduced cell-cycle progression compared to donor wild-type cells   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
• decreased memory T cell number
  • mice exhibit a reduction in CD44^highIL23beta+CD8+ memory T cells compared to in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
• hematopoietic system phenotype
• decreased CD8-positive T cell number
  • mice exhibit a reduction in CD8+ T cells compared to in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
• decreased CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell number
  • marked reduction   (MGI Ref ID J:155298)
• decreased NK T cell number
  • mice exhibit a reduction in NKT and thymic NKT cells compared to in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
• decreased NK cell number
  • in 6 to 12 week-old mice, percentages of NK cells in spleen and bone marrow (BM) or mutants are extremely low   (MGI Ref ID J:119213)
  • however, when spleen and BM progenitors are cultured with appropriate factors (Il-7, SCF, flt3) followed by Il-15, they can differentiate into functional NK cells, if transplanted into wild-type recipients, spleen and BM cells can differentiate in vivo to NK cells   (MGI Ref ID J:119213)
  • mice exhibit a reduction in splenic NK cells compared to in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
• decreased T cell proliferation
  • TCR-activated CD8+ T cells stimulated with 5 ng/mL IL15 exhibit little if any proliferation while stimulation with 50 ng/mL induces reduced proliferation compared to similarly treated wild-type cells   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
  • however, stimulation of TCR-activated CD8+ T cells with 500 ng/mL IL15 induces normal proliferation   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
  • donor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells transplanted into irradiated wild-type mice exhibit reduced cell-cycle progression compared to donor wild-type cellsdonor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells transplanted into irradiated wild-type mice exhibit reduced cell-cycle progression compared to donor wild-type cells   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
• decreased memory T cell number
  • mice exhibit a reduction in CD44^highIL23beta+CD8+ memory T cells compared to in wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
• cellular phenotype
• decreased T cell proliferation
  • TCR-activated CD8+ T cells stimulated with 5 ng/mL IL15 exhibit little if any proliferation while stimulation with 50 ng/mL induces reduced proliferation compared to similarly treated wild-type cells   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
  • however, stimulation of TCR-activated CD8+ T cells with 500 ng/mL IL15 induces normal proliferation   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)
  • donor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells transplanted into irradiated wild-type mice exhibit reduced cell-cycle progression compared to donor wild-type cellsdonor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells transplanted into irradiated wild-type mice exhibit reduced cell-cycle progression compared to donor wild-type cells   (MGI Ref ID J:142570)

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Research Applications

This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:

Il15ra^tm1Ama related

Hematological Research
Immunological Defects

Immunology, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research
Growth Factors/Receptors/Cytokines
Immunodeficiency
      B, T, and NK cell deficiency

Research Tools
Immunology and Inflammation Research
      NK Cell Deficiency

Genes & Alleles

Gene & Allele Information provided by MGI

Allele Symbol		Il15ratm1Ama
Allele Name		targeted mutation 1, Averil Ma
Allele Type		Targeted (knock-out)
Common Name(s)		IL-15Ralpha-; IL-15Ralpha-; Il-15R-; Il15ra-; RalphaKO;
Mutation Made By		Averil Ma,   University of Chicago
Strain of Origin		129X1/SvJ
ES Cell Line Name		RW-4
ES Cell Line Strain		129X1/SvJ
Gene Symbol and Name		Il15ra, interleukin 15 receptor, alpha chain
Chromosome		2
Gene Common Name(s)		AA690181; CD215; expressed sequence AA690181;
Molecular Note		A genomic fragment containing exons 2 and 3 was replaced by a neomycin resistance cassette. These sequences encode the ligand binding and proline/threonine rich extracellular domains. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the transcript was not detectable in liver RNA from homozygous mice. [MGI Ref ID J:51337]

Genotyping

Genotyping Information

Genotyping Protocols

Il15ra^tm1Ama, Standard PCR

Helpful Links

Genotyping resources and troubleshooting

References

References provided by MGI

Selected Reference(s)

Lodolce JP; Boone DL; Chai S; Swain RE; Dassopoulos T; Trettin S; Ma A. 1998. IL-15 receptor maintains lymphoid homeostasis by supporting lymphocyte homing and proliferation. Immunity 9(5):669-76. [PubMed: 9846488]  [MGI Ref ID J:51337]

Additional References

Il15ra^tm1Ama related

Barker BR; Gladstone MN; Gillard GO; Panas MW; Letvin NL. 2010. Critical role for IL-21 in both primary and memory anti-viral CD8+ T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 40(11):3085-96. [PubMed: 21061439]  [MGI Ref ID J:166660]

Bayer AL; Lee JY; de la Barrera A; Surh CD; Malek TR. 2008. A function for IL-7R for CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. J Immunol 181(1):225-34. [PubMed: 18566388]  [MGI Ref ID J:137409]

Bergamaschi C; Bear J; Rosati M; Beach RK; Alicea C; Sowder R; Chertova E; Rosenberg SA; Felber BK; Pavlakis GN. 2012. Circulating IL-15 exists as heterodimeric complex with soluble IL-15Ralpha in human and mouse serum. Blood 120(1):e1-8. [PubMed: 22496150]  [MGI Ref ID J:188090]

Buentke E; Mathiot A; Tolaini M; Di Santo J; Zamoyska R; Seddon B. 2006. Do CD8 effector cells need IL-7R expression to become resting memory cells? Blood 108(6):1949-56. [PubMed: 16705084]  [MGI Ref ID J:138067]

Castillo EF; Acero LF; Stonier SW; Zhou D; Schluns KS. 2010. Thymic and peripheral microenvironments differentially mediate development and maturation of iNKT cells by IL-15 transpresentation. Blood 116(14):2494-503. [PubMed: 20581314]  [MGI Ref ID J:165886]

Castillo EF; Stonier SW; Frasca L; Schluns KS. 2009. Dendritic cells support the in vivo development and maintenance of NK cells via IL-15 trans-presentation. J Immunol 183(8):4948-56. [PubMed: 19786554]  [MGI Ref ID J:153819]

Dubois SP; Waldmann TA; Muller JR. 2005. Survival adjustment of mature dendritic cells by IL-15. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(24):8662-7. [PubMed: 15932944]  [MGI Ref ID J:99726]

Eisenring M; vom Berg J; Kristiansen G; Saller E; Becher B. 2010. IL-12 initiates tumor rejection via lymphoid tissue-inducer cells bearing the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp46. Nat Immunol 11(11):1030-8. [PubMed: 20935648]  [MGI Ref ID J:166535]

Emoto M; Yoshida T; Fukuda T; Kawamura I; Mitsuyama M; Kita E; Hurwitz R; Kaufmann SH; Emoto Y. 2010. Alpha-galactosylceramide promotes killing of Listeria monocytogenes within the macrophage phagosome through invariant NKT-cell activation. Infect Immun 78(6):2667-76. [PubMed: 20351146]  [MGI Ref ID J:159979]

French AR; Sjolin H; Kim S; Koka R; Yang L; Young DA; Cerboni C; Tomasello E; Ma A; Vivier E; Karre K; Yokoyama WM. 2006. DAP12 signaling directly augments proproliferative cytokine stimulation of NK cells during viral infections. J Immunol 177(8):4981-90. [PubMed: 17015680]  [MGI Ref ID J:139300]

He Y; Hsuchou H; Wu X; Kastin AJ; Khan RS; Pistell PJ; Wang WH; Feng J; Li Z; Guo X; Pan W. 2010. Interleukin-15 receptor is essential to facilitate GABA transmission and hippocampal-dependent memory. J Neurosci 30(13):4725-34. [PubMed: 20357123]  [MGI Ref ID J:159382]

Kawamura T; Koka R; Ma A; Kumar V. 2003. Differential roles for IL-15R alpha-chain in NK cell development and Ly-49 induction. J Immunol 171(10):5085-90. [PubMed: 14607906]  [MGI Ref ID J:119213]

Kohlhapp FJ; Zloza A; O'Sullivan JA; Moore TV; Lacek AT; Jagoda MC; McCracken J; Cole DJ; Guevara-Patino JA. 2012. CD8(+) T cells sabotage their own memory potential through IFN-gamma-dependent modification of the IL-12/IL-15 receptor alpha axis on dendritic cells. J Immunol 188(8):3639-47. [PubMed: 22430740]  [MGI Ref ID J:184140]

Koka R; Burkett P; Chien M; Chai S; Boone DL; Ma A. 2004. Cutting edge: murine dendritic cells require IL-15Ralpha to prime NK cells. J Immunol 173(6):3594-8. [PubMed: 15356102]  [MGI Ref ID J:92759]

Koka R; Burkett PR; Chien M; Chai S; Chan F; Lodolce JP; Boone DL; Ma A. 2003. Interleukin (IL)-15R[alpha]-deficient natural killer cells survive in normal but not IL-15R[alpha]-deficient mice. J Exp Med 197(8):977-84. [PubMed: 12695489]  [MGI Ref ID J:120682]

Kokaji AI; Hockley DL; Kane KP. 2008. IL-15 Transpresentation Augments CD8+ T Cell Activation and Is Required for Optimal Recall Responses by Central Memory CD8+ T Cells. J Immunol 180(7):4391-401. [PubMed: 18354159]  [MGI Ref ID J:132972]

Kuwajima S; Sato T; Ishida K; Tada H; Tezuka H; Ohteki T. 2006. Interleukin 15-dependent crosstalk between conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells is essential for CpG-induced immune activation. Nat Immunol 7(7):740-6. [PubMed: 16715101]  [MGI Ref ID J:112665]

Lauterbach H; Bathke B; Gilles S; Traidl-Hoffmann C; Luber CA; Fejer G; Freudenberg MA; Davey GM; Vremec D; Kallies A; Wu L; Shortman K; Chaplin P; Suter M; O'Keeffe M; Hochrein H. 2010. Mouse CD8alpha+ DCs and human BDCA3+ DCs are major producers of IFN-lambda in response to poly IC. J Exp Med 207(12):2703-17. [PubMed: 20975040]  [MGI Ref ID J:176879]

Liu RB; Engels B; Arina A; Schreiber K; Hyjek E; Schietinger A; Binder DC; Butz E; Krausz T; Rowley DA; Jabri B; Schreiber H. 2012. Densely granulated murine NK cells eradicate large solid tumors. Cancer Res 72(8):1964-74. [PubMed: 22374983]  [MGI Ref ID J:185673]

Lodolce JP; Burkett PR; Boone DL; Chien M; Ma A. 2001. T cell-independent interleukin 15ralpha signals are required for bystander proliferation. J Exp Med 194(8):1187-94. [PubMed: 11602647]  [MGI Ref ID J:72171]

Ma LJ; Acero LF; Zal T; Schluns KS. 2009. Trans-presentation of IL-15 by intestinal epithelial cells drives development of CD8alphaalpha IELs. J Immunol 183(2):1044-54. [PubMed: 19553528]  [MGI Ref ID J:151405]

Mignot G; Ullrich E; Bonmort M; Menard C; Apetoh L; Taieb J; Bosisio D; Sozzani S; Ferrantini M; Schmitz J; Mack M; Ryffel B; Bulfone-Paus S; Zitvogel L; Chaput N. 2008. The critical role of IL-15 in the antitumor effects mediated by the combination therapy imatinib and IL-2. J Immunol 180(10):6477-83. [PubMed: 18453565]  [MGI Ref ID J:134964]

Miyagawa F; Tagaya Y; Kim BS; Patel HJ; Ishida K; Ohteki T; Waldmann TA; Katz SI. 2008. IL-15 serves as a costimulator in determining the activity of autoreactive CD8 T cells in an experimental mouse model of graft-versus-host-like disease. J Immunol 181(2):1109-19. [PubMed: 18606663]  [MGI Ref ID J:137470]

Mortier E; Advincula R; Kim L; Chmura S; Barrera J; Reizis B; Malynn BA; Ma A. 2009. Macrophage- and dendritic-cell-derived interleukin-15 receptor alpha supports homeostasis of distinct CD8+ T cell subsets. Immunity 31(5):811-22. [PubMed: 19913445]  [MGI Ref ID J:155298]

Mortier E; Woo T; Advincula R; Gozalo S; Ma A. 2008. IL-15Ralpha chaperones IL-15 to stable dendritic cell membrane complexes that activate NK cells via trans presentation. J Exp Med 205(5):1213-25. [PubMed: 18458113]  [MGI Ref ID J:136221]

Muller JR; Waldmann TA; Dubois S. 2012. Selective Dependence of H2-M3-Restricted CD8 Responses on IL-15. J Immunol 188(6):2575-82. [PubMed: 22312130]  [MGI Ref ID J:181860]

Nichols FC; Housley WJ; O'Conor CA; Manning T; Wu S; Clark RB. 2009. Unique lipids from a common human bacterium represent a new class of Toll-like receptor 2 ligands capable of enhancing autoimmunity. Am J Pathol 175(6):2430-8. [PubMed: 19850890]  [MGI Ref ID J:155352]

Ochoa MC; Fioravanti J; Duitman EH; Medina-Echeverz J; Palazon A; Arina A; Dubrot J; Alfaro C; Morales-Kastresana A; Murillo O; Hervas-Stubbs S; Prieto J; Berraondo P; Melero I. 2012. Liver gene transfer of interkeukin-15 constructs that become part of circulating high density lipoproteins for immunotherapy. PLoS One 7(12):e52370. [PubMed: 23285013]  [MGI Ref ID J:195764]

Orinska Z; Maurer M; Mirghomizadeh F; Bulanova E; Metz M; Nashkevich N; Schiemann F; Schulmistrat J; Budagian V; Giron-Michel J; Brandt E; Paus R; Bulfone-Paus S. 2007. IL-15 constrains mast cell-dependent antibacterial defenses by suppressing chymase activities. Nat Med 13(8):927-34. [PubMed: 17643110]  [MGI Ref ID J:125124]

Ota N; Takase M; Uchiyama H; Olsen SK; Kanagawa O. 2010. No Requirement of Trans Presentations of IL-15 for Human CD8 T Cell Proliferation. J Immunol 185(10):6041-8. [PubMed: 20926799]  [MGI Ref ID J:165646]

Pantelyushin S; Haak S; Ingold B; Kulig P; Heppner FL; Navarini AA; Becher B. 2012. Rorgammat+ innate lymphocytes and gammadelta T cells initiate psoriasiform plaque formation in mice. J Clin Invest 122(6):2252-6. [PubMed: 22546855]  [MGI Ref ID J:188299]

Pistilli EE; Bogdanovich S; Garton F; Yang N; Gulbin JP; Conner JD; Anderson BG; Quinn LS; North K; Ahima RS; Khurana TS. 2011. Loss of IL-15 receptor alpha alters the endurance, fatigability, and metabolic characteristics of mouse fast skeletal muscles. J Clin Invest 121(8):3120-32. [PubMed: 21765213]  [MGI Ref ID J:174502]

Quinci AC; Vitale S; Parretta E; Soriani A; Iannitto ML; Cippitelli M; Fionda C; Bulfone-Paus S; Santoni A; Di Rosa F. 2012. IL-15 inhibits IL-7Ralpha expression by memory-phenotype CD8(+) T cells in the bone marrow. Eur J Immunol 42(5):1129-39. [PubMed: 22539288]  [MGI Ref ID J:187775]

Ruckert R; Brandt K; Bulanova E; Mirghomizadeh F; Paus R; Bulfone-Paus S. 2003. Dendritic cell-derived IL-15 controls the induction of CD8 T cell immune responses. Eur J Immunol 33(12):3493-503. [PubMed: 14635060]  [MGI Ref ID J:87137]

Saini M; Pearson C; Seddon B. 2009. Regulation of T cell-dendritic cell interactions by IL-7 governs T-cell activation and homeostasis. Blood 113(23):5793-800. [PubMed: 19357399]  [MGI Ref ID J:149495]

Sandau MM; Schluns KS; Lefrancois L; Jameson SC. 2004. Cutting Edge: Transpresentation of IL-15 by bone marrow-derived cells necessitates expression of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha by the same cells. J Immunol 173(11):6537-41. [PubMed: 15557143]  [MGI Ref ID J:94378]

Sato N; Patel HJ; Waldmann TA; Tagaya Y. 2007. The IL-15/IL-15Ralpha on cell surfaces enables sustained IL-15 activity and contributes to the long survival of CD8 memory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(2):588-93. [PubMed: 17202253]  [MGI Ref ID J:119072]

Sato N; Sabzevari H; Fu S; Ju W; Petrus MN; Bamford RN; Waldmann TA; Tagaya Y. 2011. Development of an IL-15-autocrine CD8 T-cell leukemia in IL-15-transgenic mice requires the cis expression of IL-15Ralpha. Blood 117(15):4032-40. [PubMed: 21304101]  [MGI Ref ID J:172841]

Sosinowski T; White JT; Cross EW; Haluszczak C; Marrack P; Gapin L; Kedl RM. 2013. CD8alpha+ Dendritic Cell Trans Presentation of IL-15 to Naive CD8+ T Cells Produces Antigen-Inexperienced T Cells in the Periphery with Memory Phenotype and Function. J Immunol 190(5):1936-47. [PubMed: 23355737]  [MGI Ref ID J:193471]

Stonier SW; Ma LJ; Castillo EF; Schluns KS. 2008. Dendritic cells drive memory CD8 T-cell homeostasis via IL-15 transpresentation. Blood 112(12):4546-54. [PubMed: 18812469]  [MGI Ref ID J:143383]

Su YC; Lee CC; Kung JT. 2010. Effector function-deficient memory CD8+ T cells clonally expand in the liver and give rise to peripheral memory CD8+ T cells. J Immunol 185(12):7498-506. [PubMed: 21078905]  [MGI Ref ID J:167463]

Umehara T; Udagawa J; Takamura K; Kimura M; Ishimitsu R; Kiyono H; Kawauchi H; Otani H. 2009. Role of interleukin-15 in the development of mouse olfactory nerve. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 49(4):253-7. [PubMed: 20021484]  [MGI Ref ID J:155797]

Wu Z; Xue HH; Bernard J; Zeng R; Issakov D; Bollenbacher-Reilley J; Belyakov IM; Oh S; Berzofsky JA; Leonard WJ. 2008. The IL-15 receptor {alpha} chain cytoplasmic domain is critical for normal IL-15Ralpha function but is not required for trans-presentation. Blood 112(12):4411-9. [PubMed: 18796634]  [MGI Ref ID J:142570]

Yajima T; Yoshihara K; Nakazato K; Kumabe S; Koyasu S; Sad S; Shen H; Kuwano H; Yoshikai Y. 2006. IL-15 regulates CD8+ T cell contraction during primary infection. J Immunol 176(1):507-15. [PubMed: 16365444]  [MGI Ref ID J:126257]

Zhang X; Munegowda MA; Yuan J; Wei Y; Xiang J. 2010. Optimal TLR9 signal converts tolerogenic CD4-8- DCs into immunogenic ones capable of stimulating antitumor immunity via activating CD4+ Th1/Th17 and NK cell responses. J Leukoc Biol 88(2):393-403. [PubMed: 20466823]  [MGI Ref ID J:163943]

Health & husbandry

Health & Colony Maintenance Information

Animal Health Reports

Room Number           AX12

Colony Maintenance

Breeding & Husbandry	This mutant originated on a B6;129 background. The donating investigator maintained it as a heterozygote using intercrosses. Coat color expected from breeding:Albino
Mating System	Homozygote x Homozygote         (Female x Male)   01-MAR-06
Diet Information	LabDiet® 5K52/5K67

Pricing and Purchasing

Pricing, Supply Level & Notes, Controls

General Supply Notes

• Genomic DNA is available for this strain from the Mouse DNA Resource.

Control Information

	Control
	101045 B6129SF2/J
Considerations for Choosing Controls
Control Pricing Information for Genetically Engineered Mutant Strains.

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The Jackson Laboratory has rigorous genetic quality control and mutant gene genotyping programs to ensure the genetic background of JAX^® Mice strains as well as the genotypes of strains with identified molecular mutations. JAX^® Mice strains are only made available to researchers after meeting our standards. However, the phenotype of each strain may not be fully characterized and/or captured in the strain data sheets. Therefore, we cannot guarantee a strain's phenotype will meet all expectations. To ensure that JAX^® Mice will meet the needs of individual research projects or when requesting a strain that is new to your research, we suggest ordering and performing tests on a small number of mice to determine suitability for your particular project.

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