Description

Strain Information

Type Congenic; Mutant Strain; Targeted Mutation; Additional information on Genetically Engineered and Mutant Mice. Visit our online Nomenclature tutorial. Additional information on Congenic nomenclature. Mating System Homozygote x Homozygote         (Female x Male)   01-MAR-06 Species laboratory mouse Generation [N13p]F12 (24-MAR-11) Generation Definitions   Donating Investigator Christie M. Ballantyne,   Baylor College of Medicine

Description
Mice that are homozygous for the targeted mutation are viable, fertile, normal in size and do not display any gross physical or behavioral abnormalities. No gene product (protein) is detected by flow cytometry analysis of isolated neutrophils. Homozygotes exhibit peripheral leukocytosis due to an increased number of neutrophils. Isolated neutrophils do not exhibit increased adhesion to purified ICAM-1 or to endothelial cells. Neutrophil extravasation in response to TNF-alpha is diminished in mutant mice. Isolated neutrophils show decreased attachment strength to endothelial cells as revealed by shear stress detachment tests. This mutant mouse strain may be useful in studies of leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I (LADI), and neutrophil adhesion and extravasation.

Development
A targeting vector containing neomycin resistance gene driven by the mouse RNA polymerase II promoter was used to disrupt a 2.1 kb region containing exons 1 and 2. The construct was electroporated into 129S7/SvEvBrd-Hprt^b-m2 derived AB2.1 embryonic stem (ES) cells. Correctly targeted ES cells were injected into recipient C57BL/6 blastocysts and chimeric males were mated with C57BL/6 females. The donating investigator stated that the resulting LFA-1 mutant mice (also called Cd11a or Itgal mutant mice) were subsequently backcrossed to C57BL/6 (from Harlan Sprague Dawley) (see SNP note below) for 12 generations prior to arrival at The Jackson Laboratory. Upon arrival, males were bred with C57BL/6J to establish the colony.

A 32 SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) panel analysis, with 27 markers covering all 19 chromosomes and the X chromosome, as well as 5 markers that distinguish between the C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N substrains, was performed on the rederived living colony at The Jackson Laboratory Repository. While the 27 markers throughout the genome suggested a C57BL/6 genetic background, 2 of 5 markers that determine C57BL/6J from C57BL/6N were found to be segregating. These data suggest the mice sent to The Jackson Laboratory Repository were on a mixed C57BL/6J ; C57BL/6N genetic background.

Control Information

	Control
	000664 C57BL/6J	(approximate)
	005304 C57BL/6NJ	(approximate)
Considerations for Choosing Controls

Related Strains

Strains carrying   Itgal^tm1Bll allele

016898

NOD.129S7(B6)-Itgaltm1Bll/CgkJ

View Strains carrying   Itgal^tm1Bll     (1 strain)

Strains carrying other alleles of Itgal

014148

C57BL/6-Itgaltm1.1Mshi/J

View Strains carrying other alleles of Itgal     (1 strain)

Phenotype

Phenotype Information

View Mammalian Phenotype Terms

Mammalian Phenotype Terms provided by MGI

      assigned by genotype

Itgal^tm1Bll/Itgal^tm1Bll

        B6.129S7-Itgal^tm1Bll

• immune system phenotype
• abnormal leukocyte adhesion
  • leukocyte adhesion efficiency in inflamed vessels is significantly reduced compared to wildtype, homozygous Icam1^tm1Alb, and homozygous Itgam^tm1Bll mice   (MGI Ref ID J:100242)
  • 32% of leukocytes adhere to endothelium compared to 95% in wildtype, with adherence decreasing to 5% in the presence of Icam1 antibodies   (MGI Ref ID J:100242)
• abnormal leukocyte tethering or rolling
  • treatment with Icam1 antibodies increases leukocyte rolling velocity after TNF-alpha stimulation in venules   (MGI Ref ID J:100242)
• decreased T cell proliferation
  • reduced staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA)-induced T cell proliferation in splenocytes   (MGI Ref ID J:90954)
• impaired natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
  • NK cell cytotoxicity was reduced   (MGI Ref ID J:90954)
• increased leukocyte cell number
  • total leukocyte numbers, polymophonuclear cell numbers and mononuclear cell numbers are increased   (MGI Ref ID J:100242)
• • increased neutrophil cell number
    • 4-fold increase in the number of circulating neutrophils   (MGI Ref ID J:100242)
• hematopoietic system phenotype
• decreased T cell proliferation
  • reduced staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA)-induced T cell proliferation in splenocytes   (MGI Ref ID J:90954)
• increased leukocyte cell number
  • total leukocyte numbers, polymophonuclear cell numbers and mononuclear cell numbers are increased   (MGI Ref ID J:100242)
• • increased neutrophil cell number
    • 4-fold increase in the number of circulating neutrophils   (MGI Ref ID J:100242)
• cellular phenotype
• abnormal leukocyte adhesion
  • leukocyte adhesion efficiency in inflamed vessels is significantly reduced compared to wildtype, homozygous Icam1^tm1Alb, and homozygous Itgam^tm1Bll mice   (MGI Ref ID J:100242)
  • 32% of leukocytes adhere to endothelium compared to 95% in wildtype, with adherence decreasing to 5% in the presence of Icam1 antibodies   (MGI Ref ID J:100242)
• abnormal leukocyte tethering or rolling
  • treatment with Icam1 antibodies increases leukocyte rolling velocity after TNF-alpha stimulation in venules   (MGI Ref ID J:100242)
• decreased T cell proliferation
  • reduced staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA)-induced T cell proliferation in splenocytes   (MGI Ref ID J:90954)

Itgal^tm1Bll/Itgal^tm1Bll

        B6.129S7-Itgal^tm1Bll/J

• immune system phenotype
• abnormal inflammatory response
  • following exposure to LPS then challenge with TNF at the same site to initiate a local Shwartman response, mice fail to exhibit 20% less hemorrhage and 12% less accumulation of neutrophils compared to the thrombohemorrhagic vasculitis observed in wild type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:113463)

The following phenotype information may relate to a genetic background differing from this JAX^® Mice strain.

Itgal^tm1Bll/Itgal^tm1Bll

        involves: 129S7/SvEvBrd * C57BL/6J

• immune system phenotype
• abnormal leukocyte migration
  • leukocyte influx in a subcutaneous air pouch in response to TNF-alpha is reduced by 67%   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
• • abnormal cellular extravasation
    • neutrophil extravasation in response to TNF-alpha is dramatically decreased   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
  • abnormal leukocyte adhesion
    • adhesion of neutrophils to ICAM-1 or endothelial cells is not increased with Zas stimulation as observed with wild-type neutrophils   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
    • however, normal adhesion of neutrophils to fibrinogen and KLH   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
    • activated neutrophils show a substantial decrease in adhesion in response to shear stress   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
• increased leukocyte cell number
  • leukocytosis but do not develop spontaneous infections   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
• • increased eosinophil cell number   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
  • increased monocyte cell number   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
  • increased neutrophil cell number   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
• hematopoietic system phenotype
• increased leukocyte cell number
  • leukocytosis but do not develop spontaneous infections   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
• • increased eosinophil cell number   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
  • increased monocyte cell number   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
  • increased neutrophil cell number   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
• cellular phenotype
• abnormal leukocyte migration
  • leukocyte influx in a subcutaneous air pouch in response to TNF-alpha is reduced by 67%   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
• • abnormal cellular extravasation
    • neutrophil extravasation in response to TNF-alpha is dramatically decreased   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
  • abnormal leukocyte adhesion
    • adhesion of neutrophils to ICAM-1 or endothelial cells is not increased with Zas stimulation as observed with wild-type neutrophils   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
    • however, normal adhesion of neutrophils to fibrinogen and KLH   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)
    • activated neutrophils show a substantial decrease in adhesion in response to shear stress   (MGI Ref ID J:83226)

Itgal^tm1Bll/Itgal^tm1Bll

        involves: 129S7/SvEvBrd

• immune system phenotype
• abnormal cellular extravasation
  • mice have lower accumulation of neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after LPS administration compared to wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:141063)
• abnormal leukocyte adhesion
  • leukocytes from these mutant mice fail to have enhanced adhesion to endothelial cells lacking Edil3 (Del-1) expression   (MGI Ref ID J:141063)
• abnormal neutrophil physiology
  • mice have lower accumulation of neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after LPS administration compared to wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:141063)
• cellular phenotype
• abnormal cellular extravasation
  • mice have lower accumulation of neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after LPS administration compared to wild-type mice   (MGI Ref ID J:141063)
• abnormal leukocyte adhesion
  • leukocytes from these mutant mice fail to have enhanced adhesion to endothelial cells lacking Edil3 (Del-1) expression   (MGI Ref ID J:141063)

View Research Applications

Research Applications

This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:

Itgal^tm1Bll related

Cell Biology Research
Defects in Cell Adhesion Molecules

Hematological Research
Neutrophil Defects

Immunology, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research
Immunodeficiency

Genes & Alleles

Gene & Allele Information provided by MGI

Allele Symbol		Itgaltm1Bll
Allele Name		targeted mutation 1, Christie M Ballantyne
Allele Type		Targeted (knock-out)
Common Name(s)		CD11alpha KO; Cd11a(-); LFA-1-;
Mutation Made By		Huaizhu Wu,   Baylor College of Medicine
Strain of Origin		129S7/SvEvBrd-Hprt
ES Cell Line Name		AB2.1
ES Cell Line Strain		129S7/SvEvBrd-Hprt
Gene Symbol and Name		Itgal, integrin alpha L
Chromosome		7
Gene Common Name(s)		CD11A; CD11a antigen; Cd11a; LFA-1; LFA1A; Ly-15; Ly-21; lymphocyte antigen 15; lymphocyte antigen 21;
Molecular Note		Exons 1 and 2 were replaced with a neomycin selection casssette inserted by homologous recombination. [MGI Ref ID J:83226]

Genotyping

Genotyping Information

Genotyping Protocols

Itgal^tm1Bll, Standard PCR

Helpful Links

Genotyping resources and troubleshooting

References

References provided by MGI

Selected Reference(s)

Ding ZM; Babensee JE; Simon SI; Lu H; Perrard JL; Bullard DC; Dai XY; Bromley SK; Dustin ML; Entman ML; Smith CW; Ballantyne CM. 1999. Relative contribution of LFA-1 and Mac-1 to neutrophil adhesion and migration. J Immunol 163(9):5029-38. [PubMed: 10528208]  [MGI Ref ID J:83226]

Wu H; Rodgers JR; Perrard XY; Perrard JL; Prince JE; Abe Y; Davis BK; Dietsch G; Smith CW; Ballantyne CM. 2004. Deficiency of CD11b or CD11d results in reduced staphylococcal enterotoxin-induced T cell response and T cell phenotypic changes. J Immunol 173(1):297-306. [PubMed: 15210787]  [MGI Ref ID J:90954]

Additional References

Itgal^tm1Bll related

Arumugam TV; Salter JW; Chidlow JH; Ballantyne CM; Kevil CG; Granger DN. 2004. Contributions of LFA-1 and Mac-1 to brain injury and microvascular dysfunction induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287(6):H2555-60. [PubMed: 15308480]  [MGI Ref ID J:95752]

Beinke S; Phee H; Clingan JM; Schlessinger J; Matloubian M; Weiss A. 2010. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 is critical for CD8 T-cell short-lived effector fate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(37):16234-9. [PubMed: 20805505]  [MGI Ref ID J:164360]

Bose TO; Pham QM; Jellison ER; Mouries J; Ballantyne CM; Lefrancois L. 2013. CD11a Regulates Effector CD8 T Cell Differentiation and Central Memory Development in Response to Infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun 81(4):1140-51. [PubMed: 23357382]  [MGI Ref ID J:194055]

Byeseda SE; Burns AR; Dieffenbaugher S; Rumbaut RE; Smith CW; Li Z. 2009. ICAM-1 is necessary for epithelial recruitment of gammadelta T cells and efficient corneal wound healing. Am J Pathol 175(2):571-9. [PubMed: 19608878]  [MGI Ref ID J:150953]

Choi EY; Chavakis E; Czabanka MA; Langer HF; Fraemohs L; Economopoulou M; Kundu RK; Orlandi A; Zheng YY; Prieto DA; Ballantyne CM; Constant SL; Aird WC; Papayannopoulou T; Gahmberg CG; Udey MC; Vajkoczy P; Quertermous T; Dimmeler S; Weber C; Chavakis T. 2008. Del-1, an endogenous leukocyte-endothelial adhesion inhibitor, limits inflammatory cell recruitment. Science 322(5904):1101-4. [PubMed: 19008446]  [MGI Ref ID J:141063]

Choi EY; Orlova VV; Fagerholm SC; Nurmi SM; Zhang L; Ballantyne CM; Gahmberg CG; Chavakis T. 2008. Regulation of LFA-1-dependent inflammatory cell recruitment by Cbl-b and 14-3-3 proteins. Blood 111(7):3607-14. [PubMed: 18239087]  [MGI Ref ID J:133529]

Dunne JL; Collins RG; Beaudet AL; Ballantyne CM; Ley K. 2003. Mac-1, but not LFA-1, uses intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to mediate slow leukocyte rolling in TNF-alpha-induced inflammation. J Immunol 171(11):6105-11. [PubMed: 14634125]  [MGI Ref ID J:100242]

Eskan MA; Jotwani R; Abe T; Chmelar J; Lim JH; Liang S; Ciero PA; Krauss JL; Li F; Rauner M; Hofbauer LC; Choi EY; Chung KJ; Hashim A; Curtis MA; Chavakis T; Hajishengallis G. 2012. The leukocyte integrin antagonist Del-1 inhibits IL-17-mediated inflammatory bone loss. Nat Immunol 13(5):465-73. [PubMed: 22447028]  [MGI Ref ID J:185373]

Frommhold D; Tschada J; Braach N; Buschmann K; Doerner A; Pflaum J; Stahl MS; Wang H; Koch L; Sperandio M; Bierhaus A; Isermann B; Poeschl J. 2011. Protein C Concentrate Controls Leukocyte Recruitment during Inflammation and Improves Survival during Endotoxemia after Efficient in Vivo Activation. Am J Pathol 179(5):2637-50. [PubMed: 21907691]  [MGI Ref ID J:177384]

Ghosh S; Chackerian AA; Parker CM; Ballantyne CM; Behar SM. 2006. The LFA-1 adhesion molecule is required for protective immunity during pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Immunol 176(8):4914-22. [PubMed: 16585587]  [MGI Ref ID J:131154]

Glawe JD; Patrick DR; Huang M; Sharp CD; Barlow SC; Kevil CG. 2009. Genetic deficiency of Itgb2 or ItgaL prevents autoimmune diabetes through distinctly different mechanisms in NOD/LtJ mice. Diabetes 58(6):1292-301. [PubMed: 19223596]  [MGI Ref ID J:154351]

Guerau-de-Arellano M; Alroy J; Bullard D; Huber BT. 2005. Aggravated Lyme carditis in CD11a-/- and CD11c-/- mice. Infect Immun 73(11):7637-43. [PubMed: 16239568]  [MGI Ref ID J:104290]

Gultner S; Kuhlmann T; Hesse A; Weber JP; Riemer C; Baier M; Hutloff A. 2010. Reduced Treg frequency in LFA-1-deficient mice allows enhanced T effector differentiation and pathology in EAE. Eur J Immunol 40(12):3403-12. [PubMed: 21108463]  [MGI Ref ID J:174580]

Hirahashi J; Mekala D; Van Ziffle J; Xiao L; Saffaripour S; Wagner DD; Shapiro SD; Lowell C; Mayadas TN. 2006. Mac-1 signaling via Src-family and Syk kinases results in elastase-dependent thrombohemorrhagic vasculopathy. Immunity 25(2):271-83. [PubMed: 16872848]  [MGI Ref ID J:113463]

Hyun YM; Sumagin R; Sarangi PP; Lomakina E; Overstreet MG; Baker CM; Fowell DJ; Waugh RE; Sarelius IH; Kim M. 2012. Uropod elongation is a common final step in leukocyte extravasation through inflamed vessels. J Exp Med :. [PubMed: 22711877]  [MGI Ref ID J:184820]

Kevil CG; Hicks MJ; He X; Zhang J; Ballantyne CM; Raman C; Schoeb TR; Bullard DC. 2004. Loss of LFA-1, but not Mac-1, protects MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr) mice from autoimmune disease. Am J Pathol 165(2):609-16. [PubMed: 15277234]  [MGI Ref ID J:91523]

Lange-Sperandio B; Schimpgen K; Rodenbeck B; Chavakis T; Bierhaus A; Nawroth P; Thornhill B; Schaefer F; Chevalier RL. 2006. Distinct roles of Mac-1 and its counter-receptors in neonatal obstructive nephropathy. Kidney Int 69(1):81-8. [PubMed: 16374427]  [MGI Ref ID J:136514]

Lee SH; Prince JE; Rais M; Kheradmand F; Ballantyne CM; Weitz-Schmidt G; Smith CW; Corry DB. 2008. Developmental control of integrin expression regulates th2 effector homing. J Immunol 180(7):4656-67. [PubMed: 18354189]  [MGI Ref ID J:133389]

Li L; Kim JS; Boussiotis VA. 2010. Rap1A regulates generation of T regulatory cells via LFA-1-dependent and LFA-1-independent mechanisms. Cell Immunol 266(1):7-13. [PubMed: 20864093]  [MGI Ref ID J:165410]

Li Z; Burns AR; Rumbaut RE; Smith CW. 2007. {gamma}{delta} T Cells Are Necessary for Platelet and Neutrophil Accumulation in Limbal Vessels and Efficient Epithelial Repair after Corneal Abrasion. Am J Pathol 171(3):838-845. [PubMed: 17675580]  [MGI Ref ID J:124350]

Li Z; Burns AR; Smith CW. 2006. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1-dependent inhibition of corneal wound healing. Am J Pathol 169(5):1590-600. [PubMed: 17071583]  [MGI Ref ID J:114562]

Link A; Vogt TK; Favre S; Britschgi MR; Acha-Orbea H; Hinz B; Cyster JG; Luther SA. 2007. Fibroblastic reticular cells in lymph nodes regulate the homeostasis of naive T cells. Nat Immunol 8(11):1255-65. [PubMed: 17893676]  [MGI Ref ID J:126345]

Liu Q; Smith CW; Zhang W; Burns AR; Li Z. 2012. NK cells modulate the inflammatory response to corneal epithelial abrasion and thereby support wound healing. Am J Pathol 181(2):452-62. [PubMed: 22728064]  [MGI Ref ID J:186416]

McDonald B; Pittman K; Menezes GB; Hirota SA; Slaba I; Waterhouse CC; Beck PL; Muruve DA; Kubes P. 2010. Intravascular danger signals guide neutrophils to sites of sterile inflammation. Science 330(6002):362-6. [PubMed: 20947763]  [MGI Ref ID J:164871]

Onishi Y; Fehervari Z; Yamaguchi T; Sakaguchi S. 2008. Foxp3+ natural regulatory T cells preferentially form aggregates on dendritic cells in vitro and actively inhibit their maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(29):10113-8. [PubMed: 18635688]  [MGI Ref ID J:138325]

Phillipson M; Heit B; Colarusso P; Liu L; Ballantyne CM; Kubes P. 2006. Intraluminal crawling of neutrophils to emigration sites: a molecularly distinct process from adhesion in the recruitment cascade. J Exp Med 203(12):2569-75. [PubMed: 17116736]  [MGI Ref ID J:124585]

Prince JE; Brayton CF; Fossett MC; Durand JA; Kaplan SL; Smith CW; Ballantyne CM. 2001. The differential roles of LFA-1 and Mac-1 in host defense against systemic infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Immunol 166(12):7362-9. [PubMed: 11390487]  [MGI Ref ID J:100254]

Ren B; McCrory MA; Pass C; Bullard DC; Ballantyne CM; Xu Y; Briles DE; Szalai AJ. 2004. The virulence function of Streptococcus pneumoniae surface protein A involves inhibition of complement activation and impairment of complement receptor-mediated protection. J Immunol 173(12):7506-12. [PubMed: 15585877]  [MGI Ref ID J:94855]

Stark MA; Huo Y; Burcin TL; Morris MA; Olson TS; Ley K. 2005. Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Neutrophils Regulates Granulopoiesis via IL-23 and IL-17. Immunity 22(3):285-94. [PubMed: 15780986]  [MGI Ref ID J:97026]

Sundd P; Gutierrez E; Koltsova EK; Kuwano Y; Fukuda S; Pospieszalska MK; Groisman A; Ley K. 2012. 'Slings enable neutrophil rolling at high shear. Nature 488(7411):399-403. [PubMed: 22763437]  [MGI Ref ID J:186701]

Tai X; Van Laethem F; Sharpe AH; Singer A. 2007. Induction of autoimmune disease in CTLA-4 / mice depends on a specific CD28 motif that is required for in vivo costimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(34):13756-61. [PubMed: 17702861]  [MGI Ref ID J:124096]

Watts GM; Beurskens FJ; Martin-Padura I; Ballantyne CM; Klickstein LB; Brenner MB; Lee DM. 2005. Manifestations of inflammatory arthritis are critically dependent on LFA-1. J Immunol 174(6):3668-75. [PubMed: 15749905]  [MGI Ref ID J:97703]

Wohler J; Bullard D; Schoeb T; Barnum S. 2009. LFA-1 is critical for regulatory T cell homeostasis and function. Mol Immunol 46(11-12):2424-8. [PubMed: 19428111]  [MGI Ref ID J:149546]

Wohler JE; Smith SS; Zinn KR; Bullard DC; Barnum SR. 2009. Gammadelta T cells in EAE: early trafficking events and cytokine requirements. Eur J Immunol 39(6):1516-26. [PubMed: 19384874]  [MGI Ref ID J:149481]

Yee NK; Hamerman JA. 2013. beta2 integrins inhibit TLR responses by regulating NF-kappaB pathway and p38 MAPK activation. Eur J Immunol 43(3):779-92. [PubMed: 23310953]  [MGI Ref ID J:193834]

Health & husbandry

Health & Colony Maintenance Information

Animal Health Reports

Room Number           AX12

Colony Maintenance

Breeding & Husbandry	When maintaining a live colony, these mice are bred as homozygotes.
Mating System	Homozygote x Homozygote         (Female x Male)   01-MAR-06
Diet Information	LabDiet® 5K52/5K67

Pricing and Purchasing

Pricing, Supply Level & Notes, Controls

General Supply Notes

• Genomic DNA is available for this strain from the Mouse DNA Resource.

Control Information

	Control
	000664 C57BL/6J	(approximate)
	005304 C57BL/6NJ	(approximate)
Considerations for Choosing Controls
Control Pricing Information for Genetically Engineered Mutant Strains.

Payment Terms and Conditions

Terms are granted by individual review and stated on the customer invoice(s) and account statement. These transactions are payable in U.S. currency within the granted terms. Payment for services, products, shipping containers, and shipping costs that are rendered are expected within the payment terms indicated on the invoice or stated by contract. Invoices and account balances in arrears of stated terms may result in The Jackson Laboratory pursuing collection activities including but not limited to outside agencies and court filings.

See Terms of Use tab for General Terms and Conditions

The Jackson Laboratory's Genotype Promise

The Jackson Laboratory has rigorous genetic quality control and mutant gene genotyping programs to ensure the genetic background of JAX^® Mice strains as well as the genotypes of strains with identified molecular mutations. JAX^® Mice strains are only made available to researchers after meeting our standards. However, the phenotype of each strain may not be fully characterized and/or captured in the strain data sheets. Therefore, we cannot guarantee a strain's phenotype will meet all expectations. To ensure that JAX^® Mice will meet the needs of individual research projects or when requesting a strain that is new to your research, we suggest ordering and performing tests on a small number of mice to determine suitability for your particular project.

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Terms of Use

Terms of Use

General Terms and Conditions

For Licensing and Use Restrictions view the link(s) below:
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