Strain Name:

NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ

Stock Number:

005557

Availability:

Level 3

Use Restrictions Apply, see Terms of Use
Common Names: NOD scid gamma;     NSG;     NOD-scid IL2Rgammanull;     NOD-scid IL2Rgnull;    
These mutant mice combine the features of the NOD/ShiLtJ background, the severe combined immune deficiency mutation (scid) and IL2 receptor gamma chain deficiency. As a result, the NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ mice lack mature T cells, B cells, or functional NK cells, and are deficient in cytokine signaling, leading to better engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells and peripheral-blood mononuclear cells than any other published mouse strain. Recent publications have demonstrated this strain's outstanding utility in the studies of islet transplantation, hematopoietic stem cells and cancer stem cells.

Description

Strain Information

Type Congenic; Mutant Strain; Spontaneous Mutation; Targeted Mutation;
Additional information on Genetically Engineered Mutant Mice.
Mating SystemHomozygote x Homozygote         (Female x Male)
Specieslaboratory mouse
H2 Haplotypeg7
GenerationN8F?+4pF2 (03-JAN-08)
 
Donating Investigator Leonard Shultz,   The Jackson Laboratory

Appearance
albino

Related Genotype: A/A Tyrc/Tyrc

Description
The NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ mice, commonly known as NOD scid gamma (NSG), do not express the Prkdc gene nor the X-linked Il2rg gene. NSG mice are viable, fertile, normal in size and do not display any gross physical or behavioral abnormalities. Histological examination of lymphoid tissues reveals absence of lymphoid cells and some cystic structures in the thymus, an absence of follicles in the spleen and markedly diminished celluarity of lymph nodes. NSG mice are deficient in mature lymphocytes, serum Ig is not detectable and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic activity is extremely low. These mice are resistant to lymphoma development even after sublethal irradiation treatment. These mutant mice have been shown to readily support engraftment of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells and represent a superior, long-lived model suitable for studies employing xenotransplantation strategies. Please note that the NSG carries the true null interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain mutation and should not be confused with other strains that express a truncated interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain as described in: "Modulation of hematopoiesis in mice with a truncated mutant of the interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain" Ohbo K et al. Blood 1996. 87:956-67.

Development
These double mutant mice were produced by breeding female NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J (Stock No. 001303) mice with male mice bearing the X-linked B6.129S4-Il2rgtm1Wjl/J allele (Stock No. 003174). The resulting male mice heterozygous for the Prkdcscid allele and hemizygous for the Il2rgtm1Wjl allele were crossed to female NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J (Stock No. 001303) mice for 8 generations. Heterozygotes were interbred to produce mice homozygous for the Prkdcscid allele and homozygous (females) or hemizygous (males) for the Il2rgtm1Wjl allele.

Control Information

  Control
   001303 NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J
   001976 NOD/ShiLtJ
 
  Considerations for Choosing Controls

Related Strains

Strains carrying   Il2rgtm1Wjl allele
003174   B6.129S4-Il2rgtm1Wjl/J
003169   C.129S4-Il2rgtm1Wjl/J
007799   NOD.Cg-Rag1tm1Mom Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ
View Strains carrying   Il2rgtm1Wjl     (3 strains)

View Strains carrying   Prkdcscid     (25 strains)

Strains carrying other alleles of Il2rg
002479   STOCK Il2rgtm1Cgn/J
View Strains carrying other alleles of Il2rg     (1 strain)

Additional Web Information

Genetic Quality Control Annual Report
JAX® NOTES, Fall 2008; 511. TALLYHO, a new polygenic model of type 2 diabetes
JAX® NOTES, Spring 2006; 501. Choosing an Immunodeficient Mouse Model.
JAX® NOTES, Spring 2008; 509. Jackson Laboratory's Leonard Shultz PhD Helps Develop a Better Leukemia Mouse Model.
JAX® NOTES, Summer 2005; 498. NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/Sz, a New Model for Engraftment with Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells.
Strain-at-a-glance.

Phenotype

Phenotype Information

View Mammalian Phenotype Terms

Mammalian Phenotype Terms
      assigned by genotype

Il2rgtm1Wjl/Il2rgtm1Wjl Prkdcscid/Prkdcscid

        NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/Sz
  • immune system phenotype
  • abnormal lymph organ cellularity (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • lymph tissues are severely depleted of lymphoid cells
    • abnormal lymph node cellularity (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • lymph nodes are hypocellular
    • abnormal spleen cellularity (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • two fold reduction in nucleated spleen cell numbers in comparison to Prkdcscid controls
    • abnormal thymus cellularity (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • thymus consists mostly of stromal cells with sporadic cyst structures
  • abnormal response to transplant (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • mice support CD34+ human stem cell engraftment at much higher levels than Prkdcscid controls
    • human CD45+ cells comprise almost 50% of cells in the spleen, approximately 35% in bone marrow and thymus, and 6% in blood at 10 weeks post-engraftment
  • abnormal spleen white pulp morphology (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • spleens do not have detectable follicles
  • decreased immunoglobulin level (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • no detectable immunoglobulin in mice at 394-426 days of age
  • decreased leukocyte cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • decrease in peripheral leukocytes at 10 weeks as compared to to Prkdcscid controls
    • decreased CD4-positive T cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • spleens are deficient in mature T cells
    • decreased CD8-positive T cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • spleens are deficient in mature T cells
    • decreased NK cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • mice are deficient in cells expressing NK cell markers in comparison to Prkdcscid controls
      • spleen cells from poly(I:C) stimulated 6-8 week old mice exhibit very low levels of NK cell cytotoxic activity
    • decreased immature B cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • flow cytometric analysis indicates that spleen cells exhibit a reduction in B220+ IgK- immature B cells in comparison to Prkdcscid controls
    • decreased mature B cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • spleens are deficient in B220+ IgK+ B cells
  • small lymph nodes (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • lymph nodes in the double mutant are markedly smaller than those of homozygous Prkdcscid mice
  • hematopoietic system phenotype
  • abnormal spleen cellularity (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • two fold reduction in nucleated spleen cell numbers in comparison to Prkdcscid controls
  • abnormal spleen white pulp morphology (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • spleens do not have detectable follicles
  • abnormal thymus cellularity (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • thymus consists mostly of stromal cells with sporadic cyst structures
  • decreased leukocyte cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • decrease in peripheral leukocytes at 10 weeks as compared to to Prkdcscid controls
    • decreased CD4-positive T cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • spleens are deficient in mature T cells
    • decreased CD8-positive T cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • spleens are deficient in mature T cells
    • decreased NK cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • mice are deficient in cells expressing NK cell markers in comparison to Prkdcscid controls
      • spleen cells from poly(I:C) stimulated 6-8 week old mice exhibit very low levels of NK cell cytotoxic activity
    • decreased immature B cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • flow cytometric analysis indicates that spleen cells exhibit a reduction in B220+ IgK- immature B cells in comparison to Prkdcscid controls
    • decreased mature B cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • spleens are deficient in B220+ IgK+ B cells
  • decreased mean corpuscular volume (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • slight decrease in packed cell volume at 10 weeks as compared to to Prkdcscid controls
  • cellular phenotype
  • increased cellular sensitivity to X-ray irradiation (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • mice do not survive doses above or equal to 400cGy
  • life span-post-weaning/aging
  • premature death (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • median survival time is lengthened to between 59-95 weeks (median 89 weeks) in contrast to the shorter lifespan observed homozygous Prkdcscid controls
    • the majority of autopsies indicate no evidence of lymphomas
  • tumorigenesis
  • decreased incidence of ionizing radiation-induced tumors (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • mice irradiated with doses below 400cGy do not exhibit thymic lymphomas in contrast to homozygous Prkdcscid controls

Il2rgtm1Wjl/Y Prkdcscid/Prkdcscid

        NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/Sz
  • cellular phenotype
  • increased cellular sensitivity to X-ray irradiation (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • mice do not survive doses above or equal to 400cGy
  • hematopoietic system phenotype
  • abnormal spleen cellularity (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • two fold reduction in nucleated spleen cell numbers in comparison to Prkdcscid controls
  • abnormal spleen white pulp morphology (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • spleens do not have detectable follicles
  • abnormal thymus cellularity (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • thymus consists mostly of stromal cells with sporadic cyst structures
  • decreased leukocyte cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • decrease in peripheral leukocytes at 10 weeks as compared to to Prkdcscid controls
    • decreased CD4-positive T cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • spleens are deficient in mature T cells
    • decreased CD8-positive T cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • spleens are deficient in mature T cells
    • decreased NK cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • spleen cells from poly(I:C) stimulated 6-8 week old mice exhibit very low levels of NK cell cytotoxic activity
      • mice are deficient in cells expressing NK cell markers in comparison to Prkdcscid controls
    • decreased immature B cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • flow cytometric analysis indicates that spleen cells exhibit a reduction in B220+ IgK- immature B cells in comparison to Prkdcscid controls
    • decreased mature B cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • spleens are deficient in B220+ IgK+ B cells
  • decreased mean corpuscular volume (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • slight decrease in packed cell volume at 10 weeks as compared to to Prkdcscid controls
  • immune system phenotype
  • abnormal lymph organ cellularity (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • lymph tissues are severely depleted of lymphoid cells
    • abnormal lymph node cellularity (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • lymph nodes are hypocellular
    • abnormal spleen cellularity (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • two fold reduction in nucleated spleen cell numbers in comparison to Prkdcscid controls
    • abnormal thymus cellularity (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • thymus consists mostly of stromal cells with sporadic cyst structures
  • abnormal response to transplant (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • mice support CD34+ human stem cell engraftment at much higher levels than Prkdcscid controls
    • human CD45+ cells comprise almost 50% of cells in the spleen, approximately 35% in bone marrow and thymus, and 6% in blood at 10 weeks post-engraftment
    • irradiated mice engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) show much greater engraftment of human hematopoietic cells at 12 weeks than control NOD.129S7(B6)-Rag1 homozygotes
    • percentages of human CD45+ cells engrafted in bone marrow are higher than in NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid mice
    • levels of human CD45+ cell and CD3+ T cell engraftment are higher in spleens than in NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid mice
    • CD4:CD8 human T cell ratios that are close to normal physiological values and high levels of human B cells are observed in spleens of mice compared to NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid mice
    • engraftment of human lymphohematopoietic cells in blood and thymus, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) engraftment are higher than in NOD.CB17-Prkdc
  • abnormal spleen white pulp morphology (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • spleens do not have detectable follicles
  • decreased immunoglobulin level (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • no detectable immunoglobulin in mice at 394-426 days of age
  • decreased leukocyte cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • decrease in peripheral leukocytes at 10 weeks as compared to to Prkdcscid controls
    • decreased CD4-positive T cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • spleens are deficient in mature T cells
    • decreased CD8-positive T cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • spleens are deficient in mature T cells
    • decreased NK cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • spleen cells from poly(I:C) stimulated 6-8 week old mice exhibit very low levels of NK cell cytotoxic activity
      • mice are deficient in cells expressing NK cell markers in comparison to Prkdcscid controls
    • decreased immature B cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • flow cytometric analysis indicates that spleen cells exhibit a reduction in B220+ IgK- immature B cells in comparison to Prkdcscid controls
    • decreased mature B cell number (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
      • spleens are deficient in B220+ IgK+ B cells
  • small lymph nodes (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • lymph nodes in the double mutant are markedly smaller than those of homozygous Prkdcscid mice
  • life span-post-weaning/aging
  • premature death (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • the majority of autopsies indicate no evidence of lymphomas
    • median survival time is lengthened to between 59-95 weeks (median 89 weeks) in contrast to the shorter lifespan observed homozygous Prkdcscid controls
  • tumorigenesis
  • decreased incidence of ionizing radiation-induced tumors (MGI Ref ID J:109833)
    • mice irradiated with doses below 400cGy do not exhibit thymic lymphomas in contrast to homozygous Prkdcscid controls
View Research Applications

Research Applications
This mouse can be used to support research in many areas including:

Research Tools
Immunology and Inflammation Research (B, T, and NK cell deficiency)

Il2rgtm1Wjl related

Cancer Research
Growth Factors/Receptors/Cytokines

Immunology and Inflammation Research
Growth Factors/Receptors/Cytokines

Prkdcscid related
Immunodeficiency (B and T cell deficiency)

Internal/Organ Research
Lymphoid Tissue Defects (B and T cell deficiency)

Research Tools
Cancer Research (B and T cell deficiency) (xenograft/transplant host)
Toxicology Research (xenograft/transplant host)

Virology Research
B and T Cell Deficiency (AIDS research tool)

Genes & Alleles

Gene & Allele Information

Allele Symbol Il2rgtm1Wjl
Allele Name targeted mutation 1, Warren J Leonard
Allele Type Targeted (knock-out)
Common Name(s) CD132-; IL2Rgammanull; [KO]gammac; gammac-;
Mutation Made By Warren Leonard,   NHLBI, NIH
Strain of Origin129S4/SvJae
ES Cell Line NameJ1
ES Cell Line Strain129S4/SvJae
Gene Symbol and Name Il2rg, interleukin 2 receptor, gamma chain
Chromosome X
Gene Common Name(s) CD132; IMD4; SCIDX; SCIDX1; [g]c; common cytokine receptor gamma chain; common gamma chain; gamma C receptor; gamma(c);
Molecular Note A neomycin resistance cassette replaced part of exon 3 and all of exons 4 - 8 of the gene, resulting in the loss of most of the extracellular domain and all of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the protein. [MGI Ref ID J:24117]
 
Allele Symbol Prkdcscid
Allele Name severe combined immunodeficiency
Allele Type Spontaneous
Common Name(s) scid;
Strain of OriginCB17
Gene Symbol and Name Prkdc, protein kinase, DNA activated, catalytic polypeptide
Chromosome 16
Gene Common Name(s) AI326420; AU019811; DNA-PK; DNA-PKcs; DNAPDcs; DNAPK; DNPK1; HYRC; HYRC1; MGC189093; XRCC7; expressed sequence AI326420; expressed sequence AU019811; p350; scid; severe combined immunodeficiency; slip;
General Note The Prkdcscid mutation arose in the C.B-17 inbred strain (BALB/c.C57BL/Ka-Igh-1b) (J:9341). Most homozygotes have no detectable IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, or IgA, but a few have low levels of one to three of these immunoglobulin isotypes. The size of the lymphoid organs is only one-tenth or less that of normal. Thymus, lymph nodes, and splenic follicles are virtually devoid of lymphocytes (J:30980).

Homozygotes are deficient in both B and T cell function. Their spleen cells do not respond to either B or T cell mitogens and they are unable to reject skin grafts. They lack detectable B cells and pre-B cells. In spite of the small thymus and lack of functional T cells, the Thy1 marker is present on a majority of cells recovered from the thymus, and T cell lymphomas occur in 10 per cent or more of affected mice. Prkdcscid specifically impairs differentiation of stem cells into mature lymphocytes. Myeloid cell differentiation is not affected. The basic defect in these mice appears to be in the lymphoid stem cells and not in the cellular environment, since functional T and B cells are found in mice reconstituted with normal bone marrow (J:30980, J:7343). However, full reconstitution of the immune deficiency occurs only after irradiation of the recipients, indicating that Prkdcscid/Prkdcscid mice may have normal numbers of a radiation-sensitive stem cell that has defective proliferative capacity (J:8299).

The rearrangements of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes that normally occur in B and T lymphocytes are not found in homozygous Prkdcscid mice. However, in Abelson leukemia virus-transformed B cells of these mice and in their occasional T cell lymphomas, rearrangements, most of which are abnormal, are found. This suggests that scid may act through an effect on the recombinase system catalyzing the assembly of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes, and that lymphocytes with these defects are not able to develop further (J:8420).

Although most Prkdcscid homozygotes fail to produce immunoglobulin and functional T-cell receptor, some produce these products at low levels, with an occasional mouse with nearly normal levels of serum immunoglobulin, the criterion usually used tomeasure the effects of Prkdcscid. This phenomenon is referred to as "leakiness" of the VDJ recombination defect (J:4610).Homozygous Prkdcscidmice are fertile and, under specific pathogen-free conditions, may survive a year or more(J:6958).

The Prkdcscid mouse has been widely used in studies of the immune system, in particular of VDJ recombination in T and B lymphocytes. Its lack of immunocompetence has made it useful in transplantation studies, particularly transplantation and development of metastasis in human tumors. The interaction of infection, immunity, and disease processes have been studied with these mice. Poole (J:31292) offers a brief review of the nature and usefulness of the Prkdcscid mouse, with key references to the very extensive literature.

Mutant mRNA does not appear to differ from wild-type although protein expression is reduced more than 10-fold. Mutant protein is defective for nuclear association but exhibits normal DNA-binding ability.

NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid B2mtm1Unc mice lack mature lymphocytes and serum Ig, are MHC class I deficient, B and T cell deficient, C-5 deficient (Hc0), and have low NK cells. These mice display accumulation of iron in the liver and rapid clearance of human IgG1.

Molecular Note A T-to-A transversion point mutation at a position corresponding to codon 4095 created a premature stop codon. [MGI Ref ID J:35393] [MGI Ref ID J:39329]

Genotyping

Genotyping Information

Genotyping Protocols

Il2rgtm1Wjl, STD PCR, vers. 1
Prkdcscid, PYRO, vers. 2
Prkdcscid, REST, vers. 1

Helpful Links

Optimizing PCR Protocols

References

References

Selected Reference(s)

Shultz LD; Lyons BL; Burzenski LM; Gott B; Chen X; Chaleff S; Kotb M; Gillies SD; King M; Mangada J; Greiner DL; Handgretinger R. 2005. Human lymphoid and myeloid cell development in NOD/LtSz-scid IL2R gamma null mice engrafted with mobilized human hemopoietic stem cells. J Immunol 174(10):6477-89. [PubMed: 15879151]  [MGI Ref ID J:109833]

Additional References

Il2rgtm1Wjl related

Al-Shami A; Spolski R; Kelly J; Fry T; Schwartzberg PL; Pandey A; Mackall CL; Leonard WJ. 2004. A role for thymic stromal lymphopoietin in CD4(+) T cell development. J Exp Med 200(2):159-68. [PubMed: 15263024]  [MGI Ref ID J:108209]

Ashkar AA; Black GP; Wei Q; He H; Liang L; Head JR; Croy BA. 2003. Assessment of requirements for IL-15 and IFN regulatory factors in uterine NK cell differentiation and function during pregnancy. J Immunol 171(6):2937-44. [PubMed: 12960317]  [MGI Ref ID J:85375]

Bayer AL; Lee JY; de la Barrera A; Surh CD; Malek TR. 2008. A function for IL-7R for CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. J Immunol 181(1):225-34. [PubMed: 18566388]  [MGI Ref ID J:137409]

Bueno C; Lopes LF; Greaves M; Menendez P. 2007. Toward development of a novel NOD/SCID-based in vivo strategy to model multiple myeloma pathogenesis. Exp Hematol 35(10):1477-8. [PubMed: 17681665]  [MGI Ref ID J:126691]

Cao X; Shores EW; Hu-Li J; Anver MR; Kelsall BL; Russell SM; Drago J; Noguchi M; Grinberg A; Bloom ET; Paul WE; Katz SI; Love PE; Leonard WJ. 1995. Defective lymphoid development in mice lacking expression of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain. Immunity 2(3):223-38. [PubMed: 7697543]  [MGI Ref ID J:24117]

Cooper AB; Sawai CM; Sicinska E; Powers SE; Sicinski P; Clark MR; Aifantis I. 2006. A unique function for cyclin D3 in early B cell development. Nat Immunol 7(5):489-97. [PubMed: 16582912]  [MGI Ref ID J:112393]

Darabi R; Gehlbach K; Bachoo RM; Kamath S; Osawa M; Kamm KE; Kyba M; Perlingeiro RC. 2008. Functional skeletal muscle regeneration from differentiating embryonic stem cells. Nat Med 14(2):134-43. [PubMed: 18204461]  [MGI Ref ID J:133565]

Feng CG; Kaviratne M; Rothfuchs AG; Cheever A; Hieny S; Young HA; Wynn TA; Sher A. 2006. NK cell-derived IFN-gamma differentially regulates innate resistance and neutrophil response in T cell-deficient hosts infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol 177(10):7086-93. [PubMed: 17082625]  [MGI Ref ID J:140483]

Fontenot JD; Rasmussen JP; Gavin MA; Rudensky AY. 2005. A function for interleukin 2 in Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol 6(11):1142-51. [PubMed: 16227984]  [MGI Ref ID J:112602]

Gill N; Rosenthal KL; Ashkar AA. 2005. NK and NKT cell-independent contribution of interleukin-15 to innate protection against mucosal viral infection. J Virol 79(7):4470-8. [PubMed: 15767447]  [MGI Ref ID J:97038]

Guimond M; Leonard WJ; Spolski R; Rossi SW; Veenstra RG; Hollander GA; Mackall CL; Blazar BR. 2008. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is not necessary or sufficient to mediate the thymopoietic effects of keratinocyte growth factor. Blood 111(2):969-70. [PubMed: 18182587]  [MGI Ref ID J:130979]

Gurish MF; Tao H; Abonia JP; Arya A; Friend DS; Parker CM; Austen KF. 2001. Intestinal mast cell progenitors require CD49dbeta7 (alpha4beta7 integrin) for tissue-specific homing. J Exp Med 194(9):1243-52. [PubMed: 11696590]  [MGI Ref ID J:119138]

Junttila IS; Mizukami K; Dickensheets H; Meier-Schellersheim M; Yamane H; Donnelly RP; Paul WE. 2008. Tuning sensitivity to IL-4 and IL-13: differential expression of IL-4Ralpha, IL-13Ralpha1, and gammac regulates relative cytokine sensitivity. J Exp Med 205(11):2595-608. [PubMed: 18852293]  [MGI Ref ID J:141103]

Kelly J; Spolski R; Imada K; Bollenbacher J; Lee S; Leonard WJ. 2003. A role for stat5 in CD8(+) T cell homeostasis. J Immunol 170(1):210-7. [PubMed: 12496402]  [MGI Ref ID J:80897]

Krueger A; von Boehmer H. 2007. Identification of a T lineage-committed progenitor in adult blood. Immunity 26(1):105-16. [PubMed: 17222572]  [MGI Ref ID J:118201]

Lu L; Ikizawa K; Hu D; Werneck MB; Wucherpfennig KW; Cantor H. 2007. Regulation of activated CD4+ T cells by NK cells via the Qa-1-NKG2A inhibitory pathway. Immunity 26(5):593-604. [PubMed: 17509909]  [MGI Ref ID J:123555]

Ma S; Turetsky A; Trinh L; Lu R. 2006. IFN regulatory factor 4 and 8 promote Ig light chain kappa locus activation in pre-B cell development. J Immunol 177(11):7898-904. [PubMed: 17114461]  [MGI Ref ID J:140693]

Masse GX; Corcuff E; Decaluwe H; Bommhardt U; Lantz O; Buer J; Di Santo JP. 2007. gamma(c) cytokines provide multiple homeostatic signals to naive CD4(+) T cells. Eur J Immunol 37(9):2606-16. [PubMed: 17683114]  [MGI Ref ID J:124346]

Mintern JD; Maurice MM; Ploegh HL; Schott E. 2004. Thymic selection and peripheral activation of CD8 T cells by the same class I MHC/peptide complex. J Immunol 172(1):699-708. [PubMed: 14688383]  [MGI Ref ID J:87075]

Morris SC; Orekhova T; Meadows MJ; Heidorn SM; Yang J; Finkelman FD. 2006. IL-4 induces in vivo production of IFN-gamma by NK and NKT cells. J Immunol 176(9):5299-305. [PubMed: 16621996]  [MGI Ref ID J:131660]

Mukai K; Matsuoka K; Taya C; Suzuki H; Yokozeki H; Nishioka K; Hirokawa K; Etori M; Yamashita M; Kubota T; Minegishi Y; Yonekawa H; Karasuyama H. 2005. Basophils play a critical role in the development of IgE-mediated chronic allergic inflammation independently of T cells and mast cells. Immunity 23(2):191-202. [PubMed: 16111637]  [MGI Ref ID J:100537]

Nakajima H; Leonard WJ. 1997. Impaired peripheral deletion of activated T cells in mice lacking the common cytokine receptor gamma-chain: defective Fas ligand expression in gamma-chain-deficient mice. J Immunol 159(10):4737-44. [PubMed: 9366397]  [MGI Ref ID J:43962]

Nakajima H; Shores EW; Noguchi M; Leonard WJ. 1997. The common cytokine receptor gamma chain plays an essential role in regulating lymphoid homeostasis. J Exp Med 185(2):189-95. [PubMed: 9016868]  [MGI Ref ID J:107159]

O'Leary JG; Goodarzi M; Drayton DL; von Andrian UH. 2006. T cell- and B cell-independent adaptive immunity mediated by natural killer cells. Nat Immunol 7(5):507-16. [PubMed: 16617337]  [MGI Ref ID J:112596]

Ohteki T; Suzue K; Maki C; Ota T; Koyasu S. 2001. Critical role of IL-15-IL-15R for antigen-presenting cell functions in the innate immune response. Nat Immunol 2(12):1138-43. [PubMed: 11702064]  [MGI Ref ID J:125660]

Pearson T; Shultz LD; Lief J; Burzenski L; Gott B; Chase T; Foreman O; Rossini AA; Bottino R; Trucco M; Greiner DL. 2008. A new immunodeficient hyperglycaemic mouse model based on the Ins2 ( Akita ) mutation for analyses of human islet and beta stem and progenitor cell function. Diabetologia 51(8):1449-56. [PubMed: 18563383]  [MGI Ref ID J:138005]

Pearson T; Shultz LD; Miller D; King M; Laning J; Fodor W; Cuthbert A; Burzenski L; Gott B; Lyons B; Foreman O; Rossini AA; Greiner DL. 2008. Non-obese diabetic-recombination activating gene-1 (NOD-Rag1 null) interleukin (IL)-2 receptor common gamma chain (IL2r gamma null) null mice: a radioresistant model for human lymphohaematopoietic engraftment. Clin Exp Immunol 154(2):270-84. [PubMed: 18785974]  [MGI Ref ID J:140388]

Porcellini S; Traggiai E; Schenk U; Ferrera D; Matteoli M; Lanzavecchia A; Michalak M; Grassi F. 2006. Regulation of peripheral T cell activation by calreticulin. J Exp Med 203(2):461-71. [PubMed: 16492806]  [MGI Ref ID J:119147]

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